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This article presents a revised version of GAT, a transcription system first devel-oped by a group of German conversation analysts and interactional linguists in 1998. GAT tries to follow as many principles and conventions as possible of the Jefferson-style transcription used in Conversation Analysis, yet proposes some conventions which are more compatible with linguistic and phonetic analyses of spoken language, especially for the representation of prosody in talk-in-interaction. After ten years of use by researchers in conversation and discourse analysis, the original GAT has been revised, against the background of past experience and in light of new necessities for the transcription of corpora arising from technologi-cal advances and methodological developments over recent years. The present text makes GAT accessible for the English-speaking community. It presents the GAT 2 transcription system with all its conventions and gives detailed instructions on how to transcribe spoken interaction at three levels of delicacy: minimal, basic and fine. In addition, it briefly introduces some tools that may be helpful for the user: the German online tutorial GAT-TO and the transcription editing software FOLKER.
Der Beitrag stellt eine aktualisierte Version des Gesprächsanalytischen Transkriptionssystems(GAT) dar. Nachdem GAT seit seiner Erstvorstellung im Jahr 1998 in der Gesprächsforschung eine breite Verwendung gefunden hat, war es nun an der Zeit, es aufgrund der bisherigen Erfahrungen und im Hinblick auf neue Anforderungen an Transkriptionen vorsichtig zu überarbeiten. Dieser Text stellt
das aktualisierte GAT 2-Transkriptionssystem mit allen seinen alten und neuen Konventionen dar, versucht bekannte Zweifelsfälle zu klären und bekannte Schwächen der ersten Version zu beheben. GAT 2 gibt detaillierte Anweisungen zum Erstellen gesprächsanalytischer Transkriptionen auf drei Detailliertheitsstufen, dem Minimal-, Basis- und Feintranskript, sowie neue Vorschläge zur Darstellung komplexerer Phänomene in Sonderzeilen. Zudem wurden für GAT 2 einige zusätzliche Hilfsmittel entwickelt, die im Anhang kurz vorgestellt werden: das Online-Tutorial GAT-TO sowie der Transkriptionseditor FOLKER.
The term “pivot” usually refers to two overlapping syntactic units such that the completion of the first unit simultaneously launches the second. In addition, pivots are generally said to be characterized by the smooth prosodic integration of their syntactic parts. This prosodic integration is typically achieved by prosodic-phonetic matching of the pivot components. As research on such turns in a range of languages has illustrated, speakers routinely deploy pivots so as to be able to continue past a point of possible turn completion, in the service of implementing some additional or revised action. This article seeks to build on, and complement, earlier research by exploring two issues in more detail as follows: (1) what exactly do pivotal turn extensions accomplish on the action dimension, and (2) what role does prosodic-phonetic packaging play in this? We will show that pivot constructions not only exhibit various degrees of prosodic-phonetic (non-)integration, i.e., differently strong cesuras, but that they can be ordered on a continuum, and that this cline maps onto the relationship of the actions accomplished by the components of the pivot construction. While tighter prosodic-phonetic integration, i.e., weak(er) cesuring, co-occurs with post-pivot actions whose relationship to that of the pre-pivot tends to be rather retrospective in character, looser prosodic-phonetic integration, i.e., strong(er) cesuring, is associated with a more prospective orientation of the post-pivot’s action. These observations also raise more general questions with regard to the analysis of action.
Nach Auffassung der Interaktionalen Linguistik sind Äußerungen 'situiert', das heißt ihre Form ist an ihren Kontext sowie an die Art der mit ihnen ausgeführten Handlung( en) angepasst. Dieser Beitrag überprüft diese These am Beispiel des Einflusses unterschiedlicher Beteiligungsrollen auf die Realisierung konzessiver Konstruktionen in amerikanisch-englischen Rundfunkinterviews unter Zuhilfenahme qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden. Nach einer Beschreibung der Besonderheiten des Genres werden die Auswirkungen der situationalen Identitäten der Interaktantinnen auf die Realisierung der Diskursrelation in Radiointerviews untersucht. Die Ergebnisse beruhen auf der Analyse zweier je zweistündiger Korpora von Rundfunk- und Privatkonversationsdaten. Die konzessiven Konstruktionen wurden auf der Basis dreier Handlungen - BEHAUPTEN, EINRÄUMEN und ENTGEGENHALTEN -
identifiziert. Zum einen zeigten sich dabei (zum Teil erwartbare) Unterschiede in der Länge der Konstruktionselemente, ihrer lexikalischen und prosodischen Gestaltung sowie ihrer argumentativen Aufladung. Zum anderen ergaben sich aber auch Befunde, die bisherige Annahmen ergänzen oder ihnen sogar entgegenstehen, etwa wenn Sprecherinnen mit Hilfe konzessiver Konstruktionen ihre institutionell geregelten Diskursrechte erweitern bzw. -pflichten umgehen.
This paper contributes to the growing body of knowledge on current listeners' responses in talk-in-interaction. In particular, it complements earlier findings on double sayings of German JA by describing some additional prosodic-phonetic parameters and a visual feature of its realization in institutional and semi-private interaction (doctor-patient interaction, Big Brother, TV talk shows). These include pitch contour, pitch range and phonetic ending, on the one hand, and nodding on the other. The paper shows that JAJA is a truly multimodal phenomenon, with the individual features accomplishing interactional functions across sequence-organizational habitats, including re)claiming epistemic priority in an aside, making continuation relevant, agreeing/ acknowledging with reservation and aligning with the continuation of a sequence. Lack of nodding is suggested to have situational as well as misalignment reasons. On the basis of its observations, the paper also raises the question whether it is the applicability of response token variants across action and sequence types which makes them memorizable despite their variability.
This paper presents the concept of the "participant perspective" as an approach to the study of spoken language. It discusses three aspects of this concept and shows that they can offer helpful tools in spoken language research. Employing the participant perspective provides us with an alternative to many of the approaches currently in use in the study of spoken language in that it favours small-scale, qualitative research that aims to uncover categories relevant for the participants. Its results can usefully complement large-scale studies of phenomena on all linguistic dimensions of talk.
Contrasting and turn transition: Prosodic projection with the parallel-opposition constructions
(2009)
The parallel-opposition construction has not yet been widely described as an independent construction type. This article reports on its realization in everyday British-English conversation. In particular, it focusses on prosodic projection in the lexically and syntactically unmarked first component of this syntactic pattern, and thus adds to the body of research investigating the organization of turn-taking in the context of bi-clausal constructions with which the first part lacks explicit lexical hints to their continuation. It is shown that the parallel-opposition construction, next to specific semantic–pragmatic, syntactic and lexical features, also exhibits a relatively fixed range of prosodic features in the first conjunct, among these narrow focus, continuing intonation and/or the avoidance of intonation-unit boundary signals. These are used to project continuation of an otherwise complete utterance and, thus, to secure the floor for the expression of contrast. In addition, the detailed analysis of apparently deviant cases, which takes into account the on-line production of syntax, shows that a lack of prosodically projective features in the first component of the parallel-opposition construction can be explained by the strategic, retrospective use of the construction to resolve problems in turn transition.