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Von Januar bis Juli 2023 gestalten Grundschulkinder aus dem Mannheimer Vielfaltsquartier Neckarstadt-West zusammen mit der Kinderbuchautorin und Illustratorin Anke Faust in Kooperation mit dem Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) ein Buch. Sie erzählen darin von den Abenteuern, die ihre Figuren in der Neckarstadt-West erleben, und welche Sprachschätze sie dabei finden können. Kooperationspartner des IDS für dieses Projekt sind unter anderem der Campus Neckarstadt-West, die Alte Feuerwache Mannheim gGmbH und der Verein Neckarstadt Kids e.V.
"Badeölgrüne Buchten", "kükengelbes Haar" und "tomatenrote Tomaten" - Vergleiche mit Farbadjektiven
(2014)
Im Zentrum dieses Beitrags steht die Analyse kreativer Wortbildungsprodukte in Songtexten. Der Fokus liegt somit bewusst auf solchen Wortbildungen, die nicht den Weg ins Lexikon finden, sondern gerade aufgrund ihres okkasionellen Charakters einen erhöhten Grad an Expressivität aufweisen, der dann gezielt für die spezifische kreative Qualität von Songtexten genutzt wird.
Solche okkasionellen komplexen Wörter, die sich in theoretischer Hinsicht innerhalb der Domäne der ‚Extravagant Morphology‘ verorten lassen, werden über das Kriterium der Wortlänge aus dem Songkorpus herausgefiltert und im Anschluss hinsichtlich ihrer formalen sowie semantisch-pragmatischen Besonderheiten analysiert. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die Frage, wodurch die Kreativität der insgesamt 183 Bildungen des Untersuchungskorpus getriggert wird. Die Analyse zeigt, dass expressive Effekte in Songtexten offenbar sowohl durch die Verwendung markierter Wortbildungsmuster als auch durch den Rückgriff auf ‚auffällige‘ Lexik erzeugt werden. Zum einen ist der Anteil markierter Wortbildungsmuster wie der Phrasenkomposition und anderer phrasaler Wortbildungen gegenüber klassischen Textsorten wie Zeitungstexten deutlich erhöht. Zum anderen wird durch die Verwendung einer umgangssprachlichen, vulgären, brutalen oder poetischen Lexik, aber auch mit unmarkierten Wortbildungsmustern wie der prototypischen Determinativkomposition, Aufmerksamkeit erregt. Insgesamt erweist sich das Songkorpus dabei als wahre Fundgrube für kreative Wortbildungsprodukte.
Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt auf der Basis authentischer Alltagsinteraktionen das Formen- und Funktionsspektrum der äußerungsmodalisierenden Kommen-tarphrase ohne Scheiß im gesprochenen Deutsch. Die Konstruktion wird von Inter-agierenden insbesondere als Ressource zur Steigerung des Geltungsanspruchs einer Bezugsäußerung genutzt, wodurch diese als wahr und/oder ernstgemeint modali-siert wird. Damit leistet ohne Scheiß einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Bearbeitung des Erwartungsmanagements durch den/die SprecherIn sowie zur Herstellung von In-tersubjektivität. Die Konstruktion ist syntaktisch variabel und kann somit Äußerun-gen sowohl prospektiv als auch retraktiv modalisieren. Zudem wird mit der Wahl des Lexem Scheiß ein nähesprachliches Register aktiviert, was in Verbindung mit weiteren (prosodischen und/oder lexikalischen) Elementen zu affektiver Aufladung führen kann. Eine abschließende Darstellung häufiger lexikalischer Kookkurrenz-partner und deren funktionaler Bedeutung sowie ein Abgleich zu intrakonstruktio-nalen Varianten wie ohne Witz/ohne Spaß zeigt die Produktivität der Konstruktion im alltäglichen Sprachgebrauch auf.
Kultur ist nicht nur zu einem Schlüsselbegriff der Geisteswissenschaften geworden, sondern wird auch entterminologisiert als Alltagsbegriff benutzt. In diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, wie der Ausdruck Kultur (einschließlich Derivationen und Komposita) in der mündlichen Interaktion verwendet wird. Auf Basis von 82 Instanzen im Korpus FOLK des IDS Mannheim wurde festgestellt, dass der Ausdruck von SprecherInnen in zumeist semiformellen bis formellen Interaktionstypen benutzt wird. Es findet sich ein breites Spektrum unterschiedlicher, teils ineinander übergehender Bedeutungen, welches dem der wissenschaftlichen Literatur der Kulturtheorie ähnlich ist. Dabei lassen sich jeweils relevante Kernbedeutungen identifizieren, mit denen mehr oder weniger vage assoziierte Bedeutungen verbunden sind. Kultur zeigt sich als kontroverser Begriff: Die Referenz von Kultur, die Wertung und seine Relevanz als Erklärungsressource sind häufig umstritten.
"Sprachschrott" [Leserforum]
(1988)
"Systemrelevant" - eine sprachwissenschaftliche Betrachtung des Begriffs aus aktuellem Anlass
(2020)
"What makes this so complicated?" On the value of disorienting dilemmas in language instruction
(2017)
"Wie Schule Sprache macht"
(2019)
Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld (1742-1792) beschrieb in seiner "Theorie der Gartenkunst" die Stellung des Menschen in der Natur und spiegelte die gesellschaftlichen Zustände. Dabei stellte er eine Verbindung zwischen der Kunstform des Landschaftsgartens und der Verbesserung der Menschheit her. In diesem Band wird exemplarisch vorgeführt, mit welchem lexematischen Material er die Kombination aus differenzierter Beschreibung und beabsichtigter ästhetischer Erziehung in moralischer Absicht innerhalb des vom Sprachsystem lexikalisch vorgegebenen Rahmens umsetzte und welche sprachlichen Strategien aus diesen Intentionen resultierten.
This thesis is a corpus linguistic investigation of the language used by young German speakers online, examining lexical, morphological, orthographic, and syntactic features and changes in language use over time. The study analyses the language in the Nottinghamer Korpus deutscher YouTube‐Sprache ("Nottingham corpus of German YouTube language", or NottDeuYTSch corpus), one of the first large corpora of German‐language comments taken from the videosharing website YouTube, and built specifically for this project. The metadatarich corpus comprises c.33 million tokens from more than 3 million comments posted underneath videos uploaded by mainstream German‐language youthorientated YouTube channels from 2008‐2018.
The NottDeuYTSch corpus was created to enable corpus linguistic approaches to studying digital German youth language (Jugendsprache), having identified the need for more specialised web corpora (see Barbaresi 2019). The methodology for compiling the corpus is described in detail in the thesis to facilitate future construction of web corpora. The thesis is situated at the intersection of Computer‐Mediated Communication (CMC) and youth language, which have been important areas of sociolinguistic scholarship since the 1980s, and explores what we can learn from a corpus‐driven, longitudinal approach to (online) youth language. To do so, the thesis uses corpus linguistic methods to analyse three main areas:
1. Lexical trends and the morphology of polysemous lexical items. For this purpose, the analysis focuses on geil, one of the most iconic and productive words in youth language, and presents a longitudinal analysis, demonstrating that usage of geil has decreased, and identifies lexical items that have emerged as potential replacements. Additionally, geil is used to analyse innovative morphological productiveness, demonstrating how different senses of geil are used as a base lexeme or affixoid in compounding and derivation.
2. Syntactic developments. The novel grammaticalization of several subordinating conjunctions into both coordinating conjunctions and discourse markers is examined. The investigation is supported by statistical analyses that demonstrate an increase in the use of non‐standard syntax over the timeframe of the corpus and compares the results with other corpora of written language.
3. Orthography and the metacommunicative features of digital writing. This analysis identifies orthographic features and strategies in the corpus, e.g. the repetition of certain emoji, and develops a holistic framework to study metacommunicative functions, such as the communication of illocutionary force, information structure, or the expression of identities. The framework unifies previous research that had focused on individual features, integrating a wide range of metacommunicative strategies within a single, robust system of analysis.
By using qualitative and computational analytical frameworks within corpus linguistic methods, the thesis identifies emergent linguistic features in digital youth language in German and sheds further light on lexical and morphosyntactic changes and trends in the language of young people over the period 2008‐2018. The study has also further developed and augmented existing analytical frameworks to widen the scope of their application to orthographic features associated with digital writing.
Der Beitrag strebt an, Kategorien der bisher an der Ausgestaltung methodischer und theoretischer Zugänge zu Gedächtniskonzepten beteiligten Kulturwissenschaften einerseits, die Anschlussfähigkeit der bisher nicht beteiligten Linguistik andererseits im Sinn eines integrierten kulturanalytischen Ansatzes reflektieren und exemplarisch zu prüfen.
Seit fast 20 Jahren betreibt das Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) das grammatische Informationssystem grammis (https://grammis.ids-mannheim.de). Grammis vermittelt den hochkomplexen Gegenstandsbereich Grammatik unter Ausnutzung digitaler Sprachressourcen und hypertextueller Navigationsstrukturen gleichermaßen wissenschaftlich fundiert und anschaulich. Forschungsergebnisse werden nicht in Form singulärer Einzelpublikationen transportiert, sondern es wird das gesamte Potenzial multimedialer Medien genutzt. Grammis hebt dadurch Beschränkungen der bisherigen Realisierungsformen von Open Access auf und adressiert variable – insbesondere mobile – Nutzungssituationen. Grammis versammelt multimedial aufbereitetes grammatisches Wissen auf über 3000 Webseiten, ergänzt um linguistisch motivierte Datenbanken, Wörterbücher und Bibliografien. Mit mehr als 100.000 Seitenaufrufen pro Monat zählt es zu den meistgenutzten Online-Ressourcen des IDS.
In recent years, formal semantic research on the meaning of tense and aspect has benefited from a number of studies investigating languages with graded tense systems. This paper contributes a first sketch of the temporal marking system of Awing (Grassfields Bantu), focusing on two varieties of remote past and remote future. We argue that the data support a "symmetric" analysis of past and future tense in Awing. In our specific proposal, Awing temporal remoteness markers are uniformly analyzed as quantificational tense operators, and both the past and the future paradigm include a form that prevents contextual restriction of this temporal quantifier.
Die Ausgangsthese des Beitrags lautet, dass Sprachwandel, insbesondere lexikalischer Wandel, der Intention von Werbetextern einer auch sprachlich originellen Werbegestaltung zuwider läuft. Was Werbetexter an Sprachmaterial nutzen, ist also im Prinzip nicht für den alltagssprachlichen Gebrauch gedacht, weil sich dann kein Neuheits- und damit Überraschungseffekt mehr einstellen kann. Ziel von Werbetextern muss es daher sein, entweder Neues zu kreieren oder Altes und Bekanntes so zu verfremden, dass es neu wirkt. Um dies zu belegen, ist der Beitrag in zwei Teile gegliedert: Zuerst wird aus der Perspektive funktionaler Werbebausteine am Beispiel des Markennamens aufgezeigt, welche Möglichkeiten der Namenbildung existieren und in welcher Weise beim Markennamen die Tendenz zur Verfremdung zum Neuen sichtbar wird. In einem zweiten Teil werden die Ausgangsthesen dann ausgehend von sprachlichen Mitteln und ihrem Niederschlag in Elementen von Anzeigen und Werbetexten überprüft. Fokussiert wird dabei exemplarisch auf fremdsprachliches sowie fach- und jugendsprachliches Wortmaterial. Die Frage nach dem Einfluss der Werbesprache auf die Alltagssprache wird dabei an verschiedenen Stellen angeschnitten, kann aber mangels empirischer Studien nicht definitiv beantwortet werden. Abschließend wird mit Bezug auf die Ausgangsthesen ein Fazit zum Verhältnis von Werbesprache und Sprachwandel sowie zu sprachlichen Werbestrategien unter dem Blickwinkel der Verfremdung zum Neuen formuliert.
This conference booklet provides information about 10th International Contrastive Linguistics Conference (ICLC-10) that took place in Mannheim, Germany, from 18 to 21 July 2023. It contains
– a description of the conference aims,
– details on the conference venue,
– information on committees,
– the conference program,
– the abstracts of the keynotes, oral and poster presentations, and
– an author index.
Am Beispiel der polyfunktionalen Mehrworteinheit <was weiß ich> wird das Zusammenspiel von pragmatischer und phonetischer Ausdifferenzierung in Pragmatikalisierungsprozessen untersucht. Hierzu werden spontan-sprachliche Belege aus dem Korpus „Deutsch heute“ analysiert. Die beobachtete phonetische Variationsbreite deutet auf eine komplexe Beziehung zu den jeweiligen pragmatischen Funktionen hin.
Sogenannte „Pragmatikalisierte Mehrworteinheiten“ sind im Deutschen hochfrequent und unterliegen bisweilen tiefgreifenden phonetischen Reduktionsprozessen. Diese können Realisierungsvarianten hervorbringen, die in der Rückschau auf mehr als eine lexematische Ursprungsform zurückführbar sind. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht mit [ˈzɐmɐ] einen besonders prägnanten Fall dieser Art anhand eines Perzeptionsexperimentes.
A "polyglottal" speech synthesis - modifications for a replica of Kempelen's speaking machine
(2019)
In the management of cooperation, the fit of a requested action with what the addressee is presently doing is a pervasively relevant consideration. We present evidence that imperative turns are adapted to, and reflexively create, contexts in which the other person is committed to the course of action advanced by the imperative. This evidence comes from systematic variation in the design of imperative turns, relative to the fittedness of the imperatively mandated action to the addressee’s ongoing trajectory of actions, what we call the “dine of commitment”. We present four points on this dine: Responsive imperatives perform an operation on the deontic dimension of what the addressee has announced or already begun to do (in particular its permissibility); local-project imperatives formulate a new action advancing a course of action in which the addressee is already actively engaged; global-project-imperatives target a next task for which the addressee is available on the grounds of their participation in the overall event, and in the absence of any competing work; and competitive imperatives draw on a presently otherwise engaged addressee on the grounds of their social commitment to the relevant course of actions. These four turn shapes are increasingly complex, reflecting the interactional work required to bridge the increasing distance between what the addressee is currently doing, and what the imperative mandates. We present data from German and Polish informal and institutional settings.
This manual introduces a conversation analytically informed coding scheme for episodes involving the direct social sanctioning of problem behavior in informal social interaction which was developed in the project Norms, Rules, and Morality across Languages (NoRM-aL) at the Leibniz-Institute for the German Language. It outlines the background for its development, delimits the phenomena to which the coding scheme can be applied and provides instructions for its use.
The scheme asks for basic information about the recording and the participants involved in the episode, before taking stock of different features of the sanctioning episode as a whole. This is followed by sets of specific coding questions about the sanctioning move itself (such as its timing and composition) and the reaction it engenders. The coding enables researchers to get a bird’s eye view on recurrent features of such episodes in larger quantities of data and allows for comparisons across different languages and informal settings.
Song lyrics can be considered as a text genre that has features of both written and spoken discourse, and potentially provides extensive linguistic and cultural information to scientists from various disciplines. However, pop songs play a rather subordinate role in empirical language research so far - most likely due to the absence of scientifically valid and sustainable resources. The present paper introduces a multiply annotated corpus of German lyrics as a publicly available basis for multidisciplinary research. The resource contains three types of data for the investigation and evaluation of quite distinct phenomena: TEI-compliant song lyrics as primary data, linguistically and literary motivated annotations, and extralinguistic metadata. It promotes empirically/statistically grounded analyses of genre-specific features, systemic-structural correlations and tendencies in the texts of contemporary pop music. The corpus has been stratified into thematic and author-specific archives; the paper presents some basic descriptive statistics, as well as the public online frontend with its built-in evaluation forms and live visualisations.
This report presents a corpus of articulations recorded with Schlieren photography, a recording technique to visualize aeroflow dynamics for two purposes. First, as a means to investigate aerodynamic processes during speech production without any obstruction of the lips and the nose. Second, to provide material for lecturers of phonetics to illustrates these aerodynamic processes. Speech production was recorded with 10 kHz frame rate for statistical video analyses. Downsampled videos (500 Hz) were uplodad to a youtube channel for illustrative purposes. Preliminary analyses demonstrate potential in applying Schlieren photography in research.
In this paper, we will present a first attempt to classify commonly confused words in German by consulting their communicative functions in corpora. Although the use of so-called paronyms causes frequent uncertainties due to similarities in spelling, sound and semantics, up until now the phenomenon has attracted little attention either from the perspective of corpus linguistics or from cognitive linguistics. Existing investigations rely on structuralist models, which do not account for empirical evidence. Still, they have developed an elaborate model based on formal criteria, primarily on word formation (cf. Lăzărescu 1999). Looking from a corpus perspective, such classifications are incompatible with language in use and cognitive elements of misuse.
This article sketches first lexicological insights into a classification model as derived from semantic analyses of written communication. Firstly, a brief description of the project will be provided. Secondly, corpus-assisted paronym detection will be focused. Thirdly, in the main section the paper concerns the description of the datasets for paronym classification and the classification procedures. As a work in progress, new insights will continually be extended once spoken and CMC data are added to the investigations.
This paper investigates the conditions that govern the choice between the German neuter singular relative pronouns das ‘that’ and was ‘what’. We show that das requires a lexical head noun, while in all other cases was is usually the preferred option; therefore, the distribution of das and was is most successfully captured by an approach that does not treat was as an exception but analyzes it as the elsewhere case that applies when the relativizer fails to pick up a lexical gender feature from the head noun. We furthermore show how the non-uniform behavior of different types of nominalized adjectives (positives allow both options, while superlatives trigger was) can be attributed to semantic differences rooted in syntactic structure. In particular, we argue that superlatives select was due to the presence of a silent counterpart of the quantifier alles ‘all’ that is part of the superlative structure.
This paper presents a short insight into a new project at the "Institute for the German Language” (IDS) (Mannheim). It gives an insight into some basic ideas for a corpus-based dictionary of spoken German, which will be developed and compiled by the new project "The Lexicon of spoken German” (Lexik des gesprochenen Deutsch, LeGeDe). The work is based on the "Research and Teaching Corpus of Spoken German” (Forschungs- und Lehrkorpus Gesprochenes Deutsch, FOLK), which is implemented in the "Database for Spoken German” (Datenbank für Gesprochenes Deutsch, DGD). Both resources, the database and the corpus, have been developed at the IDS.
This paper presents the prototype of a lexicographic resource for spoken German in interaction, which was conceived within the framework of the LeGeDe-project (LeGeDe=Lexik des gesprochenen Deutsch). First of all, it summarizes the theoretical and methodological approaches that were used for the initial planning of the resource. The headword candidates were selected by analyzing corpus-based data. Therefore, the data of two corpora (written and spoken German) were compared with quantitative methods. The information that was gathered on the selected headword candidates can be assigned to two different sections: meanings and functions in interaction.
Additionally, two studies on the expectations of future users towards the resource were carried out. The results of these two studies were also taken into account in the development of the prototype. Focusing on the presentation of the resource’s content, the paper shows both the different lexicographical information in selected dictionary entries, and the information offered by the provided hyperlinks and external texts. As a conclusion, it summarizes the most important innovative aspects that were specifically developed for the implementation of such a resource.
In this paper, an exploratory data-driven method is presented that extracts word-types from diachronic corpora that have undergone the most pronounced change in frequency of occurrence in a given period of time. Combined with statistical methods from time series analysis, the method is able to find meaningful patterns and relationships in diachronic corpora, an idea that is still uncommon in linguistics. This indicates that the approach can facilitate an improved understanding of diachronic processes.
We present a descriptive analysis on the two datasets from the shared task on Source, Subjective Expression and Target Extraction from Political Speeches (STEPS), the only existing German dataset for opinion role extraction of its size. Our analysis discusses the individual properties of the three components, subjective expressions, sources and targets and their relations towards each other. Our observations should help practitioners and researchers when building a system to extract opinion roles from German data.
This paper discusses a specific subclass of English it-clefts posited in the theoretical literature, so-called predicational clefts. The main point of the paper is to show that there is no need to postulate such a separate class. Predicational clefts look special because of the narrow focus on the adjective within an indefinite pivot, but their special properties can all be derived from this narrow focus in a focus analysis in which it-clefts express contrasting focus. Contrasting focus means that besides the assertion of the proposition expressed in the cleft, there is one contrasting proposition which is excluded. The focus on the adjective in apparent predicational clefts gives rise to a narrow set of relevant alternatives, all of which differ only in the adjectival property within the pivot. The analysis developed here can account for many of the observations for apparent predicational clefts. Other properties are shown to be not conclusive. Thus, predicational clefts need not be considered a special subclass beyond their special focus characteristics.
In this paper, a method for measuring synchronic corpus (dis-)similarity put forward by Kilgarriff (2001) is adapted and extended to identify trends and correlated changes in diachronic text data, using the Corpus of Historical American English (Davies 2010a) and the Google Ngram Corpora (Michel et al. 2010a). This paper shows that this fully data-driven method, which extracts word types that have undergone the most pronounced change in frequency in a given period of time, is computationally very cheap and that it allows interpretations of diachronic trends that are both intuitively plausible and motivated from the perspective of information theory. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the method is able to identify correlated linguistic changes and diachronic shifts that can be linked to historical events. Finally, it can help to improve diachronic POS tagging and complement existing NLP approaches. This indicates that the approach can facilitate an improved understanding of diachronic processes in language change.
This paper argues that there is a correlation between functional and purely grammatical patterning in language, yet the nature of this correlation has to be explored. This claim is based on the results of a corpus-driven study of the Slavic aspect, drawing on the socalled Distributional Hypothesis. According to the East-West Theory of the Slavic aspect, there is a broad east-west isogloss dividing the Slavic languages into an eastern group and a western group. There are also two transitional zones in the north and south, which share some properties with each group (Dickey 2000; Barentsen 1998, 2008). The East-West Theory uses concepts of cognitive grammar such as totality and temporal definiteness, and is based on various parameters of aspectual usage in discourse, including contexts such as habituals, general factuals, historical (narrative) present, performatives, sequenced events in the past etc. The purpose of the above-mentioned study is to challenge the semantic approach to the Slavic aspect by comparing the perfective and imperfective verbal aspect on the basis of purely grammatical co-occurrence patterns (see also Janda & Lyashevskaya 2011). The study focused on three Slavic languages: Russian, which, following the East-West Theory, belongs to the eastern group, Czech, which belongs to the western group, and Polish, which is considered as transitional in its aspectual patterning.
We present a testsuite for POS tagging German web data. Our testsuite provides the original raw text as well as the gold tokenisations and is annotated for parts-of-speech. The testsuite includes a new dataset for German tweets, with a current size of 3,940 tokens. To increase the size of the data, we harmonised the annotations in already existing web corpora, based on the Stuttgart-Tübingen Tag Set. The current version of the corpus has an overall size of 48,344 tokens of web data, around half of it from Twitter. We also present experiments, showing how different experimental setups (training set size, additional out-of-domain training data, self-training) influence the accuracy of the taggers. All resources and models will be made publicly available to the research community.
One of the fundamental questions about human language is whether all languages are equally complex. Here, we approach this question from an information-theoretic perspective. We present a large scale quantitative cross-linguistic analysis of written language by training a language model on more than 6500 different documents as represented in 41 multilingual text collections consisting of ~ 3.5 billion words or ~ 9.0 billion characters and covering 2069 different languages that are spoken as a native language by more than 90% of the world population. We statistically infer the entropy of each language model as an index of what we call average prediction complexity. We compare complexity rankings across corpora and show that a language that tends to be more complex than another language in one corpus also tends to be more complex in another corpus. In addition, we show that speaker population size predicts entropy. We argue that both results constitute evidence against the equi-complexity hypothesis from an information-theoretic perspective.
We present a new resource for German causal language, with annotations in context for verbs, nouns and adpositions. Our dataset includes 4,390 annotated instances for more than 150 different triggers. The annotation scheme distinguishes three different types of causal events (CONSEQUENCE, MOTIVATION, PURPOSE). We also provide annotations for semantic roles, i.e. of the cause and effect for the causal event as well as the actor and affected party, if present. In the paper, we present inter-annotator agreement scores for our dataset and discuss problems for annotating causal language. Finally, we present experiments where we frame causal annotation as a sequence labelling problem and report baseline results for the prediciton of causal arguments and for predicting different types of causation.
Classical null hypothesis significance tests are not appropriate in corpus linguistics, because the randomness assumption underlying these testing procedures is not fulfilled. Nevertheless, there are numerous scenarios where it would be beneficial to have some kind of test in order to judge the relevance of a result (e.g. a difference between two corpora) by answering the question whether the attribute of interest is pronounced enough to warrant the conclusion that it is substantial and not due to chance. In this paper, I outline such a test.
In a number of languages, agreement in specificational copular sentences can or must be with the second of the two nominals, even when it is the first that occupies the canonical subject position. Béjar & Kahnemuyipour (2017) show that Persian and Eastern Armenian are two such languages. They then argue that ‘NP2 agreement’ occurs because the nominal in subject position (NP1) is not accessible to an external probe. It follows that actual agreement with NP1 should never be possible: the alternative to NP2 agreement should be ‘default’ agreement. We show that this prediction is false. In addition to showing that English has NP1, not default, agreement, we present new data from Icelandic, a language with rich agreement morphology, including cases that involve ‘plurale tantum’ nominals as NP1. These allow us to control for any confound from the fact that typically in a specificational sentence with two nominals differing in number, it is NP2 that is plural. We show that even in this case, the alternative to agreement with NP2 is agreement with NP1, not a default. Hence, we conclude that whatever the correct analysis of specificational sentences turns out to be, it must not predict obligatory failure of NP1 agreement.
We present a study on gaps in spoken language interaction as a potential candidate for syntactic boundaries. On the basis of an online annotation experiment, we can show that there is an effect of gap duration and gap type on its likelihood of being a syntactic boundary. We discuss the potential of these findings for an automation of the segmentation process.
A Supervised learning approach for the extraction of opinion sources and targets from German text
(2019)
We present the first systematic supervised learning approach for the extraction of opinion sources and targets on German language data. A wide choice of different features is presented, particularly syntactic features and generalization features. We point out specific differences between opinion sources and targets. Moreover, we explain why implicit sources can be extracted even with fairly generic features. In order to ensure comparability our classifier is trained and tested on the dataset of the STEPS shared task.
We question the growing consensus in the literature that European Americans behave as a homogenous pan-ethnic coalition of voters. Seemingly below the radar of scholarship on voting groups in American politics, we identify a group of white voters that behaves differently from others: German Americans, the largest ethnic group, regionally concentrated in the ‘Swinging Midwest’. Using county level voting returns, ancestry group information from the American Community Survey (ACS), current survey data and historical census data going back as early as 1910, we provide evidence for a partisan and a non-partisan pathway that motivated German Americans to vote for Trump in 2016: a historically grown association with the Republican Party and an acquired taste for isolationist attitudes that mobilizes non-partisan German Americans to support isolationist candidates. Our findings indicate that European American experiences of migration and integration still echo into the political arena of today.
A syntax-based scheme for the annotation and segmentation of German spoken language interactions
(2018)
Unlike corpora of written language where segmentation can mainly be derived from orthographic punctuation marks, the basis for segmenting spoken language corpora is not predetermined by the primary data, but rather has to be established by the corpus compilers. This impedes consistent querying and visualization of such data. Several ways of segmenting have been proposed,
some of which are based on syntax. In this study, we developed and evaluated annotation and segmentation guidelines in reference to the topological field model for German. We can show that these guidelines are used consistently across annotators. We also investigated the influence of various interactional settings with a rather simple measure, the word-count per segment and unit-type. We observed that the word count and the distribution of each unit type differ in varying interactional settings and that our developed segmentation and annotation guidelines are used consistently across annotators. In conclusion, our syntax-based segmentations reflect interactional properties that are intrinsic to the social interactions that participants are involved in. This can be used for further analysis of social interaction and opens the possibility for automatic segmentation of transcripts.
Travel guides and travel reports constitute an important source for the generation and spread of popular geopolitical epistemes and assumptions. With regard to colonial attitudes and their possible perpetuation, it is therefore of great interest what kind of information such texts convey regarding (post)colonial places, and how they contextualize it. The paper compares descriptions of Qingdao (Tsingtau), a German colonized territory between 1897 and 1914, in travel guides and related material from colonial and postcolonial times and in different European languages. It investigates what differences can be found between these descriptions in relation to time, language, and medium (print or online) of publication. Of particular interest is the question whether, and in what ways, colonial perspectives are perpetuated in present-day (especially German) travel literature.
The Lehnwortportal Deutsch (2012 seqq.) serves as an integrated online information system on German lexical borrowings into other languages, synthesizing an increasing number of lexicographical dictionaries and providing basic cross-resource search options. The paper discusses the far-reaching revision of the system’s conceptual, lexicographical and technological underpinnings currently under way, focussing on their relevance for multilingual loanword lexicography.
In this paper we present an experimental semantic search function, based on word embeddings, for an integrated online information system on German lexical borrowings into other languages, the Lehnwortportal Deutsch (LWPD). The LWPD synthesizes an increasing number of lexicographical resources and provides basic cross-resource search options. Onomasiological access to the lexical units of the portal is a highly desirable feature for many research questions, such as the likelihood of borrowing lexical units with a given meaning (Haspelmath & Tadmor, 2009; Zeller, 2015). The search technology is based on multilingual pre-trained word embeddings, and individual word senses in the portal are associated with word vectors. Users may select one or more among a very large number of search terms, and the database returns lexical items with word sense vectors similar to these terms. We give a preliminary assessment of the feasibility, usability and efficacy of our approach, in particular in comparison to search options based on semantic domains or fields.
In diesem Kapitel stellen wir zunächst grundlegende Konzepte von Abfragesystemen und Abfragesprachen für die Suche in Korpora vor. Diese Konzepte sollen Ihnen helfen, die einzelnen Abfragesprachen besser zu verstehen und vergleichen zu können. Die gängigen Abfragesprachen unterscheiden sich in vielen Details. Diese Details und die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der einzelnen Abfragesprachen stellen wir im zweiten Teil mit vielen Beispielaufgaben und dazu passenden Lösungen in jeweils drei Abfragesprachen vor.
Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen wie „Perspektive für Flüchtlinge Plus“ (PerFPlus) können als wichtige Bestandteile der neuen Willkommenskultur in Deutschland betrachtet werden. Deutschland als Einwanderungsland kann mit Hilfe solcher Initiativen gezielt für Arbeitsbereiche und Berufsgruppen werben, in denen es an Nachwuchs mangelt. Den Neuzugewanderten bieten sie die eine Chance sich in der hiesigen Arbeitswelt zu orientieren und Berufsfelder zu erkunden, die ihnen bislang noch nicht oder nur in anderer Form bekannt waren. Auf der anderen Seite bergen solche Maßnahmen aber auch ihr Risiko: Wenn sie ihr Ziel verfehlen und Frustrationen auf beiden Seiten erzeugen, sind lange Warteschleifen, Arbeitslosigkeit und möglicherweise politische Polarisierung und Radikalisierung die Folge. Insofern ist eine schnelle Intervention hinsichtlich der Verbesserung solcher Maßnahmen essentiell. Der vorliegende Bericht soll die konzeptionell-arbeitenden Teams bei der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) sowie bei Bildungsanbietern die mit der BA kooperieren bei ihren wichtigen Aufgaben unterstützen. Alle Partner bleiben im Bericht anonym.
Deutschland sieht sich in den nächsten Jahren vor enormen Herausforderungen gegen-übergestellt. Mit der Fluchtmigration von knapp 1,5 Mio. Menschen alleine zwischen 2014 und 2017 stehen nahezu in jedem gesellschaftlichen Bereich und hier insbesonde-re in den Sektoren Bildung und Arbeit große Integrationsaufgaben an. Steven Vertovec, der Leiter des Max-Planck-Instituts zur Erforschung multireligiöser und multiethnischer Gesellschaften bezeichnet die Fluchtmigration von 2015 auch deshalb als die „zweite Wende“ (Vertovec 2015) für Deutschland, die das Land nachhaltig verändern wird. Nach seiner Einschätzung werden die gesellschaftlichen Transformationen dermaßen tiefgrei-fend sein, dass die Formulierung „seit der Flüchtlingskrise“ eine ebenso geläufige Rede-wendung sein wird wie die Formulierung „seit der Wende“.
Berufliche Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen wie „GASTRO“ im Rhein-Neckar-Raum sind in diesem Kontext sehr wichtige Anstrengungen im Hinblick auf die strukturelle Integrati-on der Fluchtmigranten. Im gesamtgesellschaftlichen Kontext sind sie unverzichtbare Bestandteile der neuen Willkommenskultur, die seit den 2010ern versucht wird, in Deutschland zu etablieren. Als Einwanderungsland kann Deutschland mit Hilfe solcher Initiativen gezielt für Arbeitsbereiche und Berufsgruppen werben, in denen es an Nach-wuchs mangelt. Den Neuzugewanderten bieten sie die Chance sich in der hiesigen Ar-beitswelt zu orientieren und möglicherweise Berufsfelder zu erkunden, die ihnen bis-lang noch nicht oder nur in anderer Form bekannt waren.
Modalverben gehören zu den hochfrequenten Verben des Deutschen und weisen in der gesprochenen Sprache eine hohe grammatische, semantische und funktionale Flexibilität auf. Die Studie befasst sich aus interaktionslinguistischer Sicht mit dem Verwendungsspektrum von Konstruktionen, in denen Modalverben “absolut”, das heißt hier: ohne infinites Vollverb, gebraucht werden. Es wird untersucht, welche Bedeutungen die Modalverben in Interaktionen haben bzw. welche Faktoren ihre Interpretation beeinflussen und inwiefern die jeweiligen Konstruktionen für spezifische sprachliche Handlungen und in speziellen interaktiven Kontexten verwendet werden.
Als entscheidend für die Analyse zeigen sich neben der signifikanten Medialitätsdifferenz auch Interaktivität, Online-Produktion und Gattungs- bzw. Registermerkmale wie Informalität. Die Studie demonstriert außerdem, dass die Modalverbkonstruktionen sehr unterschiedliche Grade von Schematizität, Spezifizität und (Nicht-) Kompositionalität aufweisen.
Abstufung
(2015)
Abtönung
(2015)
We present an approach to an aspect of managing complex access scenarios to large and heterogeneous corpora that involves handling user queries that, intentionally or due to the complexity of the queried resource, target texts or annotations outside of the given user’s permissions. We first outline the overall architecture of the corpus analysis platform KorAP, devoting some attention to the way in which it handles multiple query languages, by implementing ISO CQLF (Corpus Query Lingua Franca), which in turn constitutes a component crucial for the functionality discussed here. Next, we look at query rewriting as it is used by KorAP and zoom in on one kind of this procedure, namely the rewriting of queries that is forced by data access restrictions.
In this paper, we present an overview of freely available web applications providing online access to spoken language corpora. We explore and discuss various solutions with which the corpus providers and corpus platform developers address the needs of researchers who are working with spoken language. The paper aims to contribute to the long-overdue exchange and discussion of methods and best practices in the design of online access to spoken language corpora.
Bringing together a team of global experts, this is the first volume to focus on the ways in which meanings are ascribed to actions in social interaction. It builds on the research traditions of Conversation Analysis and Pragmatics, and highlights the role of interactional, social, linguistic, multimodal, and epistemic factors in the formation and ascription of action-meanings. It shows how inference and intention ascription are displayed and drawn upon by participants in social interaction. Each chapter reveals practices, processes, and uses of action ascription, based on the analysis of audio and video recordings from nine different languages. Action ascription is conceptualised in this volume as not merely a cognitive process, but a social action in its own right that is used for managing interactional concerns and guiding the subsequent course of social interaction. It will be essential reading for academic researchers and advanced students interested in the relationship between language, behaviour and social interaction.
Action ascription can be understood from two broad perspectives. On one view, it refers to the ways in which actions constitute categories by which members make sense of their world, and forms a key foundation for holding others accountable for their conduct. On another view, it refers to the ways in which we accountably respond to the actions of others, thereby accomplishing sequential versions of meaningful social experience. In short, action ascription can be understood as matter of categorisation of prior actions or responding in ways that are sequentially fitted to prior actions, or both. In this chapter, we review different theoretical approaches to action ascription that have developed in the field, as well as the key constituents and resources of action ascription that have been identified in conversation analytic research, before going on to discuss how action ascription can itself be considered a form of social action.
This paper addresses long-term archival for large corpora. Three aspects specific to language resources are focused, namely (1) the removal of resources for legal reasons, (2) versioning of (unchanged) objects in constantly growing resources, especially where objects can be part of multiple releases but also part of different collections, and (3) the conversion of data to new formats for digital preservation. It is motivated why language resources may have to be changed, and why formats may need to be converted. As a solution, the use of an intermediate proxy object called a signpost is suggested. The approach will be exemplified with respect to the corpora of the Leibniz Institute for the German Language in Mannheim, namely the German Reference Corpus (DeReKo) and the Archive for Spoken German (AGD).
Adjektive und adjektivisch gebrauchte Partizipien als Konstituenten von Nominalgruppen werden in den Grammatiken des Deutschen und des Italienischen verallgemeinernd unter die Attribute zum Nomen gerechnet. Weithin gelten sie unter diesen sogar als prototypisch. Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht ihr Flexionsverhalten, ihre Linearstellung, ihre Bedeutungsbeiträge, ihren Konstituentenstatus und ihre informationeile Kennzeichnung. Er führt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die terminologische Tradition in beiden Sprachen grammatische Unterschiede verdeckt, die mehr Aufmerksamkeit verdienen würden. Die Funktionen von Adjektiven in der Nominalgruppe sind faktisch viel weniger einheitlich, als der Attributbegriff insinuiert. Unterschiede sollten in der Beschreibung differenzierter herausgearbeitet werden. Ihre kontrastive Untersuchung ist nicht nur für Grammatiker von Interesse, sondern auch fiir Lehrende des Deutschen und des Italienischen als Fremdsprache sowie der Übersetzung zwischen beiden Sprachen. Sie kann Schwierigkeiten, die im Sprach- und Übersetzungsstudium bekannt sind, systematisieren und erklären und ihre didaktische Bearbeitung erleichtern.
Eine korpuslinguistische Untersuchung mit umfassender Analyse der häufiger vorkommenenden Adverbbildungsmuster des Deutschen legt nahe, dass die Sättigung des internen Argumentplatzes eines ursprünglich relationalen Ausdrucks eine wichtige Rolle bei der Adverbproduktion spielt (Brandt 2020). Eine genauere Betrachtung der Unterschiede zwischen -ermaßen- vs. -erweise-Adverbien deutet auf eine grammatische Unterscheidung zwischen Satzadverbien und Adverbien der Art und Weise: Im Fall von -ermaßen erfolgt die Sättigung über Token-Reflexivität, während der interne Slot von -erweise- Bildungen über häufigere und möglicherweise expansive Mechanismen geschlossen wird. Darüber hinaus fördert die pleonastische Qualität von Bildungen auf der Basis gerundivaler Partizipien die Produktivität von -erweise Adverbien.
This paper investigates the use of linking adverbs in adversative constructions in German and Italian. In Italian those constructions are very frequently formulated with adverbs such as invece, while wordings without a lexical connective are more typical of German. Corpus data show that the syntactic und semantic conditions favouring the use of adversative adverbs are by and large the same in both languages. Lexical connectives can increase explicitness when the intended adversative interpretation is not obvious on other grounds. The higher frequency of adversative adverbs in Italian is shown to be a consequence of the more restrictive rules of the placement of prosodic accent.
affiziertes Objekt
(2020)
Besides English, Afrikaans is considered “the [Germanic] language which deviates grammatically the farthest from the others” (Harbert 2007: 17). But how exactly do we measure “grammatical deviation”, and how deviant is Afrikaans really if we compare it not just to other standard languages but also to non-standard varieties? The present contribution aims to address those questions combining functional-typological and dialectometric perspectives. We first select data for 28 Germanic varieties showing vastly different speaker numbers, grades of standardisation and amounts of language contact. Based on 48 (micro)typological variables from syntax, morphology and phonology, we perform cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling and present ways of visualizing and interpreting the results. Inter alia, the analyses show a major divide between Continental West Germanic and North Germanic (as might be expected) and they also identify a number of outliers, including English and pidgin and creole languages such as Russenorsk or Rabaul Creole German. Afrikaans appears to cluster with the other West Germanic languages rather than the outliers. Within West Germanic, however, it does indeed emerge as rather deviant and, according to our metric, it is, for example, typologically closer to other high-contact varieties such as Yiddish than it is to Dutch.
In the first volume of Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, Gries (2005. Null-hypothesis significance testing of word frequencies: A follow-up on Kilgarriff. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 1(2). doi:10.1515/ cllt.2005.1.2.277. http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/cllt.2005.1.issue-2/cllt.2005. 1.2.277/cllt.2005.1.2.277.xml: 285) asked whether corpus linguists should abandon null-hypothesis significance testing. In this paper, I want to revive this discussion by defending the argument that the assumptions that allow inferences about a given population – in this case about the studied languages – based on results observed in a sample – in this case a collection of naturally occurring language data – are not fulfilled. As a consequence, corpus linguists should indeed abandon null-hypothesis significance testing.
In the first volume of Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, Gries (2005. Null-hypothesis significance testing of word frequencies: A follow-up on Kilgarriff. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 1(2). doi:10.1515/cllt.2005.1.2.277. http://www.degruyter.com/view//cllt.2005.1.issue-2/cllt.2005.1.2.277/cllt.2005.1.2.277.xml: 285) asked whether corpus linguists should abandon null-hypothesis significance testing. In this paper, I want to revive this discussion by defending the argument that the assumptions that allow inferences about a given population – in this case about the studied languages – based on results observed in a sample – in this case a collection of naturally occurring language data – are not fulfilled. As a consequence, corpus linguists should indeed abandon null-hypothesis significance testing.
Physische oder psychische Schädigung und die Erfahrung von Hilflosigkeit sind zwei Grundvoraussetzungen für Traumatisierung. Hilflosigkeit ist ein Zustand extrem reduzierter Agency im Angesicht von Gefahr und drohender Schädigung. Wenn Erzähler Gewalterfahrungen darstellen, beinhaltet dies nicht nur die Darstellung reduzierter Agency, sondern auch die Auseinandersetzung damit, wie Gewalt motiviert war: Wer war verantwortlich für die Gewaltausübung? Wie schuldhaft war sie? Gab das erzählte Selbst Anlass zu gewalttätigen Reaktionen? Da Fragen nach Verantwortung, Schuld und Absicht zentral für das Erleben und die Bewältigung von Gewalterfahrungen sind, ist die Frage, wie Agency zugeschrieben wird, grundlegend für die Analyse von Erzählungen traumatischer Gewalterfahrungen. Lucius-Hoene (2012) hat aufgezeigt, dass Agency im Erzählen auf verschiedenen Ebenen relevant wird. Die vorliegende Untersuchung befasst sich mit der Ebene der narrativen Darstellung der Gewalterfahrung, d.h. der Darstellung von Opfer- und Täterschaft, Macht und Hilflosigkeit, Schuld und Rechtfertigung von Gewalt. Nach einer kurzen Einführung in soziologische, philosophische und linguistische Konzepte von Agency werden zwei Typen von Erzählungen physischer Gewalterfahrungen kontrastiert. Die Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf die narrativen Praktiken der Zuschreibung von Schuld und Verantwortung.
Akkusativobjekt
(2019)
In diesem Beitrag werden neue, repräsentative Daten zur arealen Variation in Deutschland vorgestellt, die das Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache im Rahmen der Innovationsstichprobe des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels (SOEP) des Deutschen Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW) in der Befragungsrunde 2017/2018 erhoben hat. Zum einen wurde die Dialektkompetenz abgefragt; überindividuell zeigt sich hier das bekannte Nord-Süd-Gefälle, beim individuellen Grad der Kompetenz der Dialektsprecher gibt es aber regional nur geringe Unterschiede. Zum anderen wurden die Bewertungen von Dialekten erhoben; hier werden Norddeutsch und Bayerisch besonders positiv, Sächsisch hingegen besonders negativ bewertet, wobei regionale Muster eine Rolle spielen. Auffällig ist ferner die bundesweit sehr einheitlich positive Bewertung des Hochdeutschen.
In den letzten Jahren haben sich einige Themen mit Bezug zur deutschen Sprache zu sprachpolitischen Kontroversen entwickelt, die heute mit großer Intensität diskutiert werden. Es handelt sich um Themen wie das der geschlechtergerechten Sprache, das durch verschiedene rechtliche und publizistische Impulse eine immer noch wachsende Präsenz in Medien und Öffentlichkeit besitzt. Auch das Thema des sogenannten politisch korrekten Sprachgebrauchs führt zu polarisiert geführten Debatten. Der vorliegende Beitrag will diese Debatten in ihren Grundzügen nachzeichnen und dabei zeigen, wie diese Themen vermittelt über die Medien und den «Verein Deutsche Sprache» ihren Weg bis in die politische Sphäre gefunden haben. Aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Sicht ist es wichtig, die Grenzen des Politischen so zu ziehen, dass die Sprache selbst in derartigen Kontroversen keinen Schaden nimmt.
Sprachkritik wurde in der Vergangenheit oftmals als reine Wortkritik betrieben. Exemplarisch werden in diesem Beitrag vier Themen aktueller wortbezogener Sprachkritik vorgestellt und kritisch diskutiert: die Kritik an Angloamerikanismen durch den „Verein zur Wahrung der deutschen Sprache", die Aktion „Unwörter des Jahres" (Horst Dieter Schlosser), das Konzept der „Plastikwörter" (Uwe Pörksen) und die „kontroversen Begriffe"(Georg Stötzel u. a.). Die Überlegungen münden in das Ergebnis, dass Wortkritik nur als Wortgebrauchskritik und Sprachkritik nur als Sprachgebrauchskritik (oder Diskurskritik) sinnvoll und begründet sind. Dabei ist zu bedenken, dass Sprachkritik keine Normen setzt, sondern Sprachgebrauchsnormen kritisch reflektiert und Alternativen aufzeigt.
This paper presents a dictionary writing system developed at the Institute for the German Language in Mannheim (IDS) for an ongoing international lexicographical project that traces the way of German loanwords in the East Slavic languages Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian that were possibly borrowed via Polish. The results will be published in the Lehnwortportal Deutsch (LWP, lwp.ids-mannheim.de), a web portal for loanword dictionaries with German as the common donor language. The system described here is currently in use for excerpting data from a large range of historical and contemporary East Slavic monolingual dictionaries. The paper focuses on the tools that help in merging excerpts that are etymologically related to one and the same Polish etymon. The merging process involves eliminating redundancies and inconsistencies and, above all, mapping word senses of excerpted entries onto a common cross-language set of ‘metasenses’. This mapping may involve literally hundreds of excerpted East Slavic word senses, including quotations, for one ‘underlying’ Polish etymon.
There are strict formal requirements for the use of a comma. However, there are none regarding the comma’s actual shape. In printed fonts, it is determined by the font’s specification. In hand-written texts though, the shape of the comma is variable; most writers choose from a set of straight, convex and concave shapes. By using a corpus of 1464 commas written by 99 individuals, we will present three case studies of persons whose comma shapes do somehow correlate with linguistic structures. With that, we might identify a few (possibly subconscious) shaping strategies. Some writers might mark a norm insecurity by a different comma form, others might mark the function of the entity which is segmented by the comma, or the comma type itself (sentence boundary, exposition or coordination).