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Most cultures have metaphors for time that involve movement, for example, ‘time passes’. Although time is objectively measured, it is subjectively understood, as we can perceive time as stationary, whereby we move towards future events, or we can perceive ourselves as stationary, with time moving past us and events moving towards us. This paper reports a series of studies that first examines whether people think about time in a metaphor-consistent manner (Study 1) and then explores the relationship between ‘time perspective’, level of perceived personal agency, and time representations (Study 2), the relationship between emotional experiences and time representation (Study 3), and whether this relationship is bidirectional by manipulating either emotional experiences (Study 4) or time representation (Study 5). Results provide bidirectional evidence for an ego-moving representation of time, with happiness eliciting more agentic control, and evidence for a time-moving passivity associated with emotional experiences of anxiety and depression. This bidirectional relationship suggests that our representation of time is malleable, and therefore, current emotional experiences may change through modification of time representations.
ln dem vorliegenden Artikel zeigen die Autoren, welche Rolle Metaphern in Vorstellungswelt und Argumentation im Rahmen des politischen Diskurses spielen. Der Beitrag stellt eine empirische Analyse von polnischen und deutschen Pressetexten zum Thema der EU-Osterweiterung im Zeitraum Januar bis März 2000 dar. Der Analyse wurden auf polnischer Seite fünf der auflagestärksten überregionalen Tageszeitungen unterzogen. Auf deutscher Seite wurden die im ,Pressespiegel Polen‘ erfassten Zeitungen genutzt.
Conduit metaphor
(2011)
This paper introduces a method for computer-based analyses of metaphor in discourse, combining quantitative and qualitative elements. This method is illustrated with data from research on German newspaper discourse concerning the ongoing system transformations of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Methodological aspects of the research procedure are discussed and it is argued that quantitative elements can enhance comparability in cross-cultural and cross-lingual research. Some basic findings of the research are presented. The peculiarities of the German Wende discourse - especially the salience of a passive perspective on the ongoing political and social changes - are outlined.
Discourse metaphors
(2008)
The article introduces the notion of discourse metaphor, relatively stable metaphorical mappings that function as a key framing device within a particular discourse over a certain period of time. Discourse metaphors are illustrated by case studies from three lines of research: on the cultural imprint of metaphors, on the negotiation of metaphors and on cross-linguistic occurrence. The source concepts of discourse metaphors refer to phenomenologically salient real or fictitious objects that are part of interactional space (i.e., can be pointed at, like MACHINES or HOUSES) and/or occupy an important place in cultural imagination. Discourse metaphors change both over time and across the discourses where they are used. The implications of focussing on different types of source domains for our thinking about the embodiment and sociocultural situatedness of metaphor is discussed, with particular reference to recent developments in Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Research on discourse suggests that situatedness is a crucial factor in the functioning and dynamics of metaphor.
Denken in Metaphern ist ein Charakteristikum menschlicher Kognition. Diese Überzeugung, die in der deutschen Linguistik insbesondere von Weinrich (1967) vertreten wurde, ist eines der Axiome der Kognitiven Semantik (Lakoff/Johnson 1980). Umfassende empirische Studien zur Metaphorik bestimmter Diskurse sind aber bislang selten. Im vorliegenden Artikel möchten wir einige Ergebnisse einer solchen Studie präsentieren, in der die Bildung eines Europa-Begriffs1 über Metaphern aus dem konzeptuellen Bereich des Bauwesens in der russischen und der deutschen Presse untersucht wurde. Zunächst stellen wir kurz die empirische Arbeit in dem Projekt, in dem die vorliegende Studie entstanden ist, vor (1). Danach präsentieren wir die Metaphorik des Bauwesens im russischen und deutschen Diskurs zu Europa (2). Abschließend erfolgt eine Diskussion der Ergebnisse (3).
W artykule przedstawiono analizç struktury metaforycznej polskich dyskursów na temat konca komunizmu panst wowego. Analizç przeprowadzono w oparciu o bazç danych, zawierajqcq 1008 metafor pochodzqcych z tekstów prasowych z 1999 roku, upamiçtniajqcych wazne wydarzenia z 1989 roku. Jak siç okazuje, struktury metaforyczne róznych dyskursów wyrazajq i utrwalajq ideologjcznie uksztaltowane interpretacje historii. Szczegolowiej badano interpretacje metaforyczne dwóch zjawisk: zachowania siç przedstawicieli wladzy i opozycji przy Okrqglym Stole oraz pytania o ciqglosc historii. Te dwa zjawiska — których konceptualizacja gra waznq rolç w okreáleniu autostereotypu Polaka w III RP — sq interpretowane za pomocq róznego rodzaju metafor. Metaforyczne rozumienie ciqglosci historii da siç analizowac za pomocq tak zwanej „konceptualnej teorii metafory" LakofFa i Johnsona. Natomiast zachowania komunistów i opozycjonistów sq. interpretowane za pomoc^ metafor intertekstualnych. Sq one skonstruowane nie na podstawie doswiadczenia cielesnego, lecz doswiadczenia specyficznego dia danej kultury. Wydaje siç zatem, ze ksztaltowanie róznego rodzaju pojçc w dyskursie aktywizuje rózne strefy bazy doswiadczeniowej.
Badania etnolingwistyczne zdobyly w ciqgu ostatnich dwu dekad znaozna populamosc. Najwazniejsz^ formuh\ nietaforycznn okreslajqcii glowny przedmiot tych badaií jest .jçzykowy obraz swiata”. W zwiqzku z tym. iz powstaj^ obecnie projekty studiów komparatyslycznych na duzíi skalç, warto byt moze rozwazyc, czego takie ujçcie etnolingwistyki nie uwzglçdnia. Wizualna metafora obrazów implikuje, ze mówincy si\ w slanie wyjsc ix>za swiat i patrzec nan (oraz nazywac go) z zewmprz. Artykul oinawia dwie kcinsekwencje tej inetafory, które mog^ przysporzyc problemów. Po pierwsze, wyizolowanie jçzyka ze swiata ludzkich dzialan, którego jyzyk wszak jest czçsci^. prowadzi do przyjçcia kognitywistycznego modeln znaczenia jako oddzielnego stmmienia komunikaeji. Taki model nie pasuje do eodziennego doswiadezenia przezroczystosci jyzyka. Po drugie, wyizolowanie jçzyka z zycia sprzyja stosowaniu metod „bezczasowych” oraz studiom nad stowami wyalKtrahowanymi z sytuaeji, w której zostaly one uzyte (jesli nie wyjçtymi z kontekstu). Przyjmuj^c takie metafory i inetody, inozetny stracic z oczu znaczn^ czçsc tego, co jest istotne dla jyzyka poUx;znego — przedmiotu badan etnonauki.
This article discusses possibilities for an elaboration of cognitive linguistic metaphor theory that takes into account the sociocultural situatedness of language and cognition. The approach of the Ethnolinguistic School of Lublin, linking anthropological with cognitive perspectives on language, is introduced. The objectives of the article are i) to introduce this line of research, well-known in linguistics in Eastern Europe, but little known in the “Western”, English speaking scientific discourse; ii) to illustrate the usefulness of particular ideas within this approach for metaphor analysis in a corpus study of the metaphorical understanding of system transformation in German public discourse in the late 1980s and early 1990s; and iii) to discuss diverging elaborations of the notion of experience in cognitive linguistics, contrasting the Ethnolinguistic School of Lublin with Conceptual Metaphor Theory.
When time is not space
(2011)
It is widely assumed that there is a natural, prelinguistic conceptual domain of time whose linguistic organization is universally structured via metaphoric mapping from the lexicon and grammar of space and motion. We challenge this assumption on the basis of our research on the Amondawa (Tupi Kawahib)language and culture of Amazonia. Using both observational data and structured field linguistic tasks, we show that linguistic space-time mapping at theconstructional level is not a feature of the Amondawa language, and is not employed by Amondawa speakers (when speaking Amondawa). Amondawa does not recruit its extensive inventory of terms and constructions for spatial motion and location to express temporal relations. Amondawa also lacks a numerically based calendric system. To account for these data, and in opposition to a Universal Space-Time Mapping Hypothesis, we propose a Mediated Mapping Hypothesis, which accords causal importance to the numerical and artefact-based construction of time-based (as opposed to event-based) time interval systems.
Die Arbeit behandelt die alltägliche Kreativität des Menschen, seine Fähigkeit, etwas metaphorisch als etwas anderes zu sehen und so komplexen Zusammenhängen der sozialen und kulturellen Welt einen Sinn zu geben. Sie trägt bei zur theoretischen Grundlegung für die kontrastive Analyse von Metaphernsystemen unterschiedlicher Sprachen im DFG-Projekt "Interkulturelle Analyse der Struktur kollektiver Vorstellungswelten", das von 2000 - 2002 an der Universität Bielefeld angesiedelt war. Theoretische Überlegungen zur Einbeziehung soziokultureller Aspekte in die Kognitive Metapherntheorie bilden Teil I der Arbeit. Teil II bilden Beispielanalysen der kulturellen Imagination von Raum (Europa) und Zeit (Ende des Kommunismus).
Cognitive linguists have long been interested in analogies people habitually use in thinking and speaking, but little is known about the nature of the relationship between verbal behaviour and such analogical schemas. This article proposes that discourse metaphors are an important link between the two. Discourse metaphors are verbal expressions containing a construction that evokes an analogy negotiated in the discourse community. Results of an analysis of metaphors in a corpus of newspaper texts support the prediction that regular analogies are form-specific, i.e., bound to particular lexical items. Implications of these results for assumptions about the generality of habitual analogies are discussed.
This article explores the role that metaphors play in the ideological interpretation of events. Research in cognitive linguistics has brought rich evidence of the enormous influence that body experience has on (metaphorical) conceptualization. However, the role of the cultural net in which an individual is embedded has mostly been neglected. As a step towards the integration of cultural experience into the experientialist framework in cognitive metaphor research I propose to differentiate two ideal types of motivation for metaphor: correlation and intertextuality. Evidence for the important role that intertextual metaphors play in ideological discourse comes from an analysis of Polish newspaper discourse on the tenth anniversary of the end of communism.