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Close repetitions of lexical material can create an impression of clumsiness in the style of Italian prose, while they seem to be accepted with more ease in German. The present study shows that this traditional claim needs some further differentiation. The negative effects on style take place in Italian when informationally prominent words are repeated, while informational background material may - and in certain cases even must - be repeated for clarity. The comparative study investigates lexical, syntactic and prosodic resources for indicating adversative (contrast) relations in argumentative texts from the field of humanities, written in Italian and German. It shows that, for encoding this kind of relation, Italian depends very much on lexical resources, including repetitions of words, while German makes more use of syntactic and prosodic parallelism. As a consequence, German can often dispense with adversative connectives and allows to employ word repetitions for different purposes.
This article summarizes results of an empirical study on the use of so called verbs of transportation in German and Brazilian Portuguese. Such verbs constantly cause dijficulties and mistakes in the language production of non-native Speakers. The paper presentsfour observations on the grammar (verb prefixes, prepositions), semantics (places and paths) and pragmatics (deixis) of verbs of transportation in the two languages. It leads to the conclusion that Brazilian learners tend to have more dijficulties with the morphology and syntax of German transportation verbs, whereas German learners tend to have more dijficulties with the pragmatics of the corresponding verbs in Brazilian Portuguese. Dijficulties with the specification of places and paths can be observed in both directions, but they lead to unidiomatic usage rather than to outright mistakes.
Der vorliegende Aufsatz behandelt ausgewählte morphologische, syntaktische, semantische und pragmatische Eigenschaften von Nominaltotalisatoren im Deutschen und im brasilianischen Portugiesisch. Im einzelnen werden die Elemente todo, cada, ambos und os dois sowie alle, jeder, der ganze und beide behandelt. Hinsichtlich ihrer Morphologie wird die Bildung von Genus-, Numerus- und Kasusformen beschrieben. Im Bereich der Syntax geht es um die Stellung der Totalisatoren in der Nominalphrase, ihre Beziehungen zu Determinantien und Quantoren und um die funktionale Verteilung von Deklinationstypen. Im Bereich der Semantik und Pragmatik geht es um die Kodierung referentieller und quantifikationaler Information, um Definitheit und um kumulative vs. distributive Totalisierung. Das Erkenntnisinteresse wird durch den Vergleich zwischen dem Deutschen und dem brasilianichen Portugiesisch bestimmt, wobei auf typische Fehler von Sprachlernern in beiden Richtungen eingegangen wird.
This paper examines four German transportation verbs with the prefix weg-, concentrating on their syntax and their semantic and pragmatic interpretations. The empirical data investigated are from a cross-linguistic corpus of German and Brazilian Portuguese as foreign languages. The analysis is based on the concept of focus, which is defined as a point on the path along which the patient of the process moves. The focus must be either mentioned or contextually evident. Each transportation verb will be able to establish a typical focus. German prefix-verbs with weg- are characterized by a focus-conflict that can be resolved through different interpretation strategies.
Este artigo trata dos advérbios dêiticos hier, da e dort, no Alemão, e dos seus correspondentes aqui, aí, ali, cá, lá e acolá, no Português. Após al-guns comentários gerais acerca da codificação linguística de informações sobre o espaço, discutem-se principalmente duas questões: (1) a relação entre os advérbios dêiticos e os papéis comunicativos da Ia, 2a e 3a pessoas, e (2) os significados lexicais dos advérbios, formulados em termos de relações de distância e proximidade.
A análise semântica baseia-se nas relações entre o objeto situado e um objeto de referência, por um lado, e entre o objeto de referência e o falante/observa- dor, pelo outro. Ela leva à conclusão de que os sistemas dos advérbios dêiticos das duas línguas possuem estruturas semânticas bastante distintas. Entre hier e aqui há uma equivalência relativamente forte, enquanto da e dort apresentam características bastante diferentes de aí, ali, lá e acolá.