Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Part of a Book (181)
- Article (166)
- Conference Proceeding (38)
- Review (5)
- Book (2)
- Other (2)
- Preprint (1)
Language
Keywords
- Deutsch (140)
- Korpus <Linguistik> (51)
- Konversationsanalyse (48)
- Interaktion (34)
- Semantik (23)
- Computerlinguistik (22)
- Kommunikation (21)
- Mehrsprachigkeit (21)
- Sprachpolitik (19)
- Englisch (18)
Publicationstate
- Postprint (395) (remove)
Reviewstate
- (Verlags)-Lektorat (176)
- Peer-Review (166)
- Peer-review (10)
- Verlags-Lektorat (5)
- Peer-Revied (2)
- (Verlags-)Lektorat (1)
- Review-Status-unbekannt (1)
- Zweitveröffentlichung (1)
Publisher
- Benjamins (52)
- Springer (36)
- Oxford University Press (19)
- Elsevier (14)
- Wilhelm Fink (14)
- Erich Schmidt (11)
- Buske (10)
- Winter (8)
- Equinox (6)
- Lang (6)
Our paper discusses family language policies among multilingual families in Latvia with Russian as home language. The presentation is based on three case studies, i.e. interviews conducted with Russophones who have chosen to send their children to Latvian-medium pre-schools and schools. The main aim is to understand practices and regards among such families “from below,” i.e. which family-internal and family-external factors influenced the choice of Latvian-medium education and what impact this choice has on linguistic practices.
The paper shows that there have been critical events which both encouraged and discouraged the choice of Latvian-medium education. The wish to integrate into mainstream society has been met by obstacles both from ethnic Russians and Latvians. Yet, the three families consider their choices to be the right ones for the future development of their children in a multiethnic Latvia in which Latvian serves as the unifying language of society.
Der Beitrag stellt zunächst die drei grundlegenden methodischen Verfahren der Konversationsanalyse und der mittlerweile deren Vorgehen folgenden diskursiven Psychologie dar: die Transkription, die detaillierte Sequenzanalyse am Einzelfall und die (komparative) Analyse von Datenkollektionen. Nach einer Übersicht über grundlegende Befunde zur Organisation von Interaktionen wird auf drei psychologische Untersuchungsbereiche eingegangen: Die Konstitution von Identität in Gesprächen, die Rolle von Kognitionen in der sozialen Interaktion und die Erforschung von Psychotherapiegesprächen.
Nonnative-accented speakers face prevalent discrimination. The assumption that people freely express negative sentiments toward nonnative speakers has also guided common research methods. However, recent studies did not consistently find downgrading, so that prejudice against nonnative accents might even be questioned at first sight. The present theoretical article will bridge these contradictory findings in three ways: (a) We illustrate that nonnative speakers with foreign accents frequently may not be downgraded in commonly used first-impression and employment scenario paradigms. It appears that relatively controlled responding may be influenced by norms and motivations to respond without prejudice, whereas negative biases emerge in spontaneous responding. (b) We present an integrative view based on knowledge on modern forms of prejudice to develop modern notions of accent-ism, which allow for predictions when accent biases are (not) likely to surface. (c) We conclude with implications for interventions and a tailored research agenda.
Blogg Dir deinen Urlaub nach Tunesien! Zur Erläuterung des Musters [VImp PROPReflexivDat NPAkk]
(2020)
In diesem Beitrag soll das Muster [VImp PROPReflexivDat NPAkk] semantisch und syntaktisch erläutert werden. Dieses Muster, das semantisch mit Verben des Erwerbens wie anschaffen korreliert, wird auch im Zusammenhang mit Kommunikationsverben wie bloggen und facebooken sowie mit dem Kontaktverb rubbeln belegt. Mithilfe des Konzeptes der Koerzion bzw. der semantischen Anpassung soll das Kovorkommen des erwänhten Musters mit diesen Verben beschrieben und erklärt werden. Als empirische Quelle dient das Korpus für das Deutsche 2012 und 2014 aus den Corpora from the Web. Die vorliegende Untersuchung ist im Rahmen meiner Dissertationsarbeit zum Thema Argumentstruktur und Bedeutung medialer Kommunikationsverben des Deutschen und des Spanischen im Sprachvergleich durchgeführt worden.
This article makes an empirical and a methodological contribution to the comparative study of action. The empirical contribution is a comparative study of three distinct types of action regularly accomplished with the turn format du meinst x (“you mean/think x”) in German: candidate understandings, formulations of the other’s mind, and requests for a judgment. These empirical materials are the basis for a methodological exploration of different levels of researcher abstraction in the comparative study of action. Two levels are examined: the (coarser) level of conditionally relevant responses (what a response speaker must do to align with the action of the prior turn) and the (finer) level of “full alignment” (what a response speaker can do to align with the action of a prior turn). Both levels of abstraction provide empirically viable and analytically interesting descriptive concepts for the comparative study of action. Data are in German.
This is an introduction to a special issue of Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America. It offers a characterization of neology and describes the Globalex-sponsored workshop at which the papers in the issue originated. It provides an overview of the papers, which treat lexicographical neology and neological lexicography in Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Frisian, Greek, Korean, Spanish, and Swahili and address relevant aspects of lexicography in those languages, presenting state-of-the-art research into neology and ideas about modern lexicographic treatment of neologisms in various dictionary types.
The article focuses on the lexeme Ahnung. A lexicographic analysis shows the range of Information offered by Ahnung in selected dictionaries, aespecially monolingual DaF dictionaries, and displays how the Spectrum of meaning is represented in them. Corpus-based analyses from two samples from FOLK and DeReKo investigate exemplary form characteristics and, with regard to the written-language data, the occurrence in text types. Ahnung shows a slightly higher combinatorial potential in written-linguistic data than in spoken-linguistic data. A clear tendency to the connection keine Ahnung is however to be recognized in both data sets.
This contribution deals with right-dislocated complement clauses with the subordinating conjunction dass (‘that’) in German talk-in-interaction. The bi-clausal construction we analyze is as follows: The first clause, in which one argument is realized by the demonstrative pronoun das (‘this/that’), is syntactically and semantically complete; the reference of the pronoun is (re-)specified by adding a dass-complement clause after a point of possible completion (e.g., aber das hab ich nich MITbekommen. (0.32) dass es da so YOUtubevideos gab. (‘But I wasn’t aware of that. That there were videos about that on YouTube.’). The first clause always performs a backward-oriented action (e.g., an assessment) and the second clause (re-)specifies the propositional reference of the demonstrative, allowing for a (strategic) perspective shift. Based on a collection of 93 cases from everyday conversations and institutional interactions, we found that the construction is used close to the turn-beginning for referring to and (re-)specifying (parts of) another speaker’s prior turn; turn-internal uses tie together parts of a speaker’s multi-unit turn. The construction thus facilitates an incremental constitution of meaning and reference.
This paper discusses a theoretical and empirical approach to language fixedness that we have developed at the Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) (‘Institute for German Language’) in Mannheim in the project Usuelle Worterbindungen(UWV) over the last decade. The analysis described is based on the Deutsches Referenzkorpus (‘German Reference Corpus’; DeReKo) which is located at the IDS. The corpus analysis tool used for accessing the corpus data is COSMAS II (CII) and – for statistical analysis – the IDS collocation analysis tool (Belica, 1995; CA). For detecting lexical patterns and describing their semantic and pragmatic nature we use the tool lexpan (or ‘Lexical Pattern Analyzer’) that was developed in our project. We discuss a new corpus-driven pattern dictionary that is relevant not only to the field of phraseology, but also to usage-based linguistics and lexicography as a whole.
How Do Speakers Define the Meaning of Expressions? The Case of German x heißt y (“x means y”)
(2020)
To secure mutual understanding in interaction, speakers sometimes explain or negotiate expressions. Adopting a conversation analytic and interaction linguistic approach, I examine how participants explain which kinds of expressions in different sequential environments, using the format x heißt y (“x means y”). When speakers use it to clarify technical terms or foreign words that are unfamiliar to co-participants, they often provide a situationally anchored definition that however is rather context-free and therefore transferable to future situations. When they explain common (but indexical, ambiguous, polysemous, or problematic) expressions instead, speakers always design their explanation strongly connected to the local context, building on situational circumstances. I argue that x heißt y definitions in interaction do not meet the requirements of scientific or philosophical definitions but that this is irrelevant for the situational exigencies speakers face.
The coronavirus pandemic may be the largest crisis the world has had to face since World War II. It does not come as a surprise that it is also having an impact on language as our primary communication tool. In this short paper, we present three inter-connected resources that are designed to capture and illustrate these effects on a subset of the German language: An RSS corpus of German-language newsfeeds (with freely available untruncated frequency lists), a continuously updated HTML page tracking the diversity of the vocabulary in the RSS corpus and a Shiny web application that enables other researchers and the broader public to explore the corpus in terms of basic frequencies.
Are borrowed neologisms accepted more slowly into the German language than German words resulting from the application of word formation rules? This study addresses this question by focusing on two possible indicators for the acceptance of neologisms: a) frequency development of 239 German neologisms from the 1990s (loanwords as well as new words resulting from the application of word formation rules) in the German reference corpus DeReKo and b) frequency development in the use of pragmatic markers (‘flags’, namely quotation marks and phrases such as sogenannt ‘so-called’) with these words. In the second part of the article, a psycholinguistic approach to evaluating the (psychological) status of different neologisms and non-words in an experimentally controlled study and plans to carry out interviews in a field test to collect speakers’ opinions on the acceptance of the analysed neologisms are outlined. Finally, implications for the lexicographic treatment of both types of neologisms are discussed.
In informal interaction, speakers rarely thank a person who has complied with a request. Examining data from British English, German, Italian, Polish, and Telugu, we ask when speakers do thank after compliance. The results show that thanking treats the other’s assistance as going beyond what could be taken for granted in the circumstances. Coupled with the rareness of thanking after requests, this suggests that cooperation is to a great extent governed by expectations of helpfulness, which can be long-standing, or built over the course of a particular interaction. The higher frequency of thanking in some languages (such as English or Italian) suggests that cultures differ in the importance they place on recognizing the other’s agency in doing as requested.
This paper studies practices of indexing discrepant assumptions accomplished by turn-constructional units with ich dachte ('I thought') in German talk-in-interaction. Building on the analysis of 141 instances from the corpus FOLK, we identify three sequential environments in which ich dachte is used to index that an assumption which a speaker (has) held contrasts with some other, contextually salient assumption. We show that practices which have been studied for English I thought are also routinely used in German: ich dachte is a means to manage epistemic incongruencies and to contrast an incorrect with a correct assumption in narratives. In addition, ich dachte is also used to account for the speaker's own prior actions which may have looked problematic because they built on misunderstandings which the speaker only discovered later. Moreover, ich dachte-practices may also be used to create comic effects by reporting an earlier, absurd assumption. The practices are discussed with regard to their role in regaining common ground, in managing relationships, in maintaining the identity of a rational actor, and in terms of their exploitation for other conversational interests. Special attention is paid to how co-occurring linguistic features, and sequential and pragmatic factors, account for local interpretations of ich dachte.
This article deals with narratives of traumatic experiences of parental violence in childhood, told by adult narrators in the context of clinical adult attachment interviews. The study rests on a corpus of interviews with 20 patients suffering from fibromyalgia, who were interviewed in the context of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Nine of the patients reported repeated experiences of parental violence. The article focuses on extracts from two interviews, which provide for a maximal contrast concerning the practices of telling experiences of violence and which are ‘clear cases’ of the practices that are characteristic of the whole corpus. The main differences between the different ways of telling concern:
• With respect to the ascription of guilt and responsibility, parental violence is portrayed as legitimate pedagogic action versus as being evil-minded and guilty without rational justification.
• With respect to the process of the telling, we find narrative trajectories over which an initial vague gloss is increasingly unpacked by reports of highly violent actions versus narratives in which violence is overtly stated and morally ascribed from its very first mention.
Als die Olympischen Sommerspiele 1968 im Oktober 1963 nach Mexico City vergeben wurden, machten sorgenvolle Befürchtungen aufgrund der Höhe des Austragungsorts und die dadurch auftretenden Belastungen der Athlet*innenkörper in den Medien die Runde. Sehr schnell gingen fast alle teilnehmenden Sportverbände zur höhenphysiologischen Vorbereitung unter Einbeziehung sportmedizinischer Expertise über. Auf der Basis von Archivbeständen des Deutschen Olympischen Sportbundes sowie zeitgenössischen sportmedizinischen Beiträgen beleuchtet der Aufsatz die Rolle der Sportmedizin in der Vorbereitungsphase auf die Olympischen Sommerspiele 1968. Im Zentrum steht die Frage, auf welche Weise der Leistungskörper der Athlet*innen ins biopolitische, sportmedizinische Blickfeld rückte, welche Tests und Untersuchungen mit ihm durchgeführt wurden und welche Bedeutung dies für das Zusammenspiel von Leistungssport und Sportmedizin hatte.
The lexicography of German
(2020)
This chapter discusses the main dictionaries of the German language as it is spoken and written in Germany, and also German as it is spoken and written in Austria, Switzerland, the eastern fringes of Belgium, and South Tyrol. It also briefly describes Pennsylvania German. Corpora and other language resources used in German dictionary-making are also presented. Finally, there is a discussion of some current issues in German lexicography, as well as future prospects.
As immigration and mobility increases, so do interactions between people from different linguistic backgrounds. Yet while linguistic diversity offers many benefits, it also comes with a number of challenges. In seven empirical articles and one commentary, this Special Issue addresses some of the most significant language challenges facing researchers in the 21st century: the power language has to form and perpetuate stereotypes, the contribution language makes to intersectional identities, and the role of language in shaping intergroup relations. By presenting work that aims to shed light on some of these issues, the goal of this Special Issue is to (a) highlight language as integral to social processes and (b) inspire researchers to address the challenges we face. To keep pace with the world’s constantly evolving linguistic landscape, it is essential that we make progress toward harnessing language’s power in ways that benefit 21st century globalized societies.
Kommunikative Misserfolge im Deutschen für ukrainische Deutschlerner aus interkultureller Sicht
(2020)
Begriffe, die meist als nulläquivalente Lexik (Lakunen) für ukrainische Deutschlerner gelten und somit Schwierigkeiten bereiten sowie im Allgemeinen zu Misserfolgen zwischen Kommunizierenden führen können, stehen im Mittelpunkt der folgenden Ausführungen. Um sie zu vermeiden, werden einige Themen und Aufgaben zur Erweiterung der sozial-kommunikativen und interkulturellen Kompetenzen vorgeschlagen.
Ancient Chinese poetry is constituted by structured language that deviates from ordinary language usage; its poetic genres impose unique combinatory constraints on linguistic elements. How does the constrained poetic structure facilitate speech segmentation when common linguistic and statistical cues are unreliable to listeners in poems? We generated artificial Jueju, which arguably has the most constrained structure in ancient Chinese poetry, and presented each poem twice as an isochronous sequence of syllables to native Mandarin speakers while conducting magnetoencephalography (MEG) recording. We found that listeners deployed their prior knowledge of Jueju to build the line structure and to establish the conceptual flow of Jueju. Unprecedentedly, we found a phase precession phenomenon indicating predictive processes of speech segmentation—the neural phase advanced faster after listeners acquired knowledge of incoming speech. The statistical co-occurrence of monosyllabic words in Jueju negatively correlated with speech segmentation, which provides an alternative perspective on how statistical cues facilitate speech segmentation. Our findings suggest that constrained poetic structures serve as a temporal map for listeners to group speech contents and to predict incoming speech signals. Listeners can parse speech streams by using not only grammatical and statistical cues but also their prior knowledge of the form of language.
The present research unites two emergent trends in the area of language attitudes: (a) research on perceptions of nonnative speakers by nonnative listeners and (b) the search for general, basic mechanisms underlying the evaluation of nonnative accented speakers. In three experiments featuring an employment situation, German participants listened to a presentation given in English by a German speaker with a strong versus native-like accent (in Studies 1–3) versus a native speaker of English (in Study 1). They evaluated candidates with a strong accent worse than candidates with a native(-like) pronunciation—even to the degree that the quality of arguments was of no relevance (Study 1). Study 2 introduces an effective intervention to reduce these discriminatory tendencies. Across studies, affect and competence emerged as major mediators of hirability evaluations. Study 3 further revealed sequential indirect influences, which advance our understanding of previous inconsistent findings regarding disfluency and warmth perceptions.
Studies on the Linguistic Landscapes (LLs) investigate frequencies, functions, and power relations between languages and their speakers in public space. Research on the LL thereby aims to understand how the production and perception of signs reflect and simultaneously shape realities. In this sense, the LL is one of the most dynamic places where processes of minoritization take place: the (in)visibility of minority languages and the functional and symbolic relationships to majority languages are in direct relationship with negotiations of minorities’ place in society. This chapter looks at minority languages in the LL from two major perspectives. Firstly, it discusses language policies, focussing on which policy categories and which domains of language use are of particular relevance for understanding minority languages in the LL. Then, it turns to issues of conflict, contestation, and exclusion by providing examples from a range of geographically and typologically prototypical case studies, including Israel, Canada, Belgium, the Basque Country, and Friesland.
This chapter introduces readers to the context and concept of this volume. It starts by providing an historical overview of languages and multilingualism in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia, highlighting the 100th anniversary of statehood which the three Baltic states are celebrating in 2018. Then, the chapter briefly presents important strands of research on multilingualism in the region throughout the past decades; in particular, questions about language policies and the status of the national languages (Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian) and Russian. It also touches on debates about languages in education and the roles of other languages such as the regional languages of Latgalian and Võro and the changing roles of international languages such as English and German. The chapter concludes by providing short summaries of the contributions to this book.
Distributional models of word use constitute an indispensable tool in corpus based lexicological research for discovering paradigmatic relations and syntagmatic patterns (Belica et al. 2010). Recently, word embeddings (Mikolov et al. 2013) have revived the field by allowing to construct and analyze distributional models on very large corpora. This is accomplished by reducing the very high dimensionality of word cooccurrence contexts, the size of the vocabulary, to few dimensions, such as 100-200. However, word use and meaning can vary widely along dimensions such as domain, register, and time, and word embeddings tend to represent only the most prevalent meaning. In this paper we thus construct domain specific word embeddings to allow for systematically analyzing variations in word use. Moreover, we also demonstrate how to reconstruct domain specific co-occurrence contexts from the dense word embeddings.
This paper discusses German neologisms in the so-called “new-media” and presents a German corpus-based online dictionary of neologisms. Several neological morphemes and lexemes, as well as their meaning will be presented, showing that these new modes of communication are an important source of enrichment of German lexicon.
The recognizability of a stretch of conduct as social action depends on details of turn construction as well as the turn’s context. We examine details of turn construction as they enter into actions offering interpretations of prior talk. Such actions either initiate repair or formulate a conclusion from prior talk. We focus on how interpretation markers (das heißt [“that means”] vs. du meinst [“you mean”]) and interpretation formats (phrasal vs. clausal turn completions) each make their invariant contribution to specific interpreting practices. Interpretation marker and turn format go hand in hand, which leads to distinct patterns of interpreting practices: Das heißt+clause is especially apt for formulations, du meinst+phrase for repair. The results suggest that details of turn construction can systematically enter into the constitution of social action. Data are in German with English translation.
Linguistic relativists have traditionally asked 'how language influences thought', but conversation analysts and anthropological linguists have moved the focus from thought to social action. We argue that 'social action' should in this context not become simply a new dependent variable, because the formulation 'does language influence action' suggests that social action would already be meaningfully constituted prior to its local (verbal and multi-modal) accomplishment. We draw on work by the gestalt psychologist Karl Duncker to show that close attention to action-in-a-situation helps us ground empirical work on cross-cultural diversity in an appreciation of the invariances that make culture-specific elements of practice meaningful.
Der Beitrag spürt dem spannungsreichen Verhältnis von diskursanalytischen Ansätzen und (neo-)marxistischer Kapitalismuskritik nach und erkundet mögliche Beiträge diskursanalytischer Perspektiven zu Kapitalismusanalysen. In einem ersten Schritt wird anhand einiger ausgewählter Diskurstheoretikerinnen und -theoretiker der Eindruck einer zwischen affirmierter Nähe und skeptischer Abgrenzung schwankenden Positionierung zu marxistischen Ansätzen verdeutlicht. Gegen elementare Grundannahmen marxistischer Wissenschafts- und Gesellschaftskonzepte, so etwa den Begriff der ‚Ideologie‘ oder die Annahme einer klar nachvollziehbaren und damit voraussagbaren gesellschaftlich-politischen Determinierung durch ökonomische ‚Basisprozesse‘ setzten sie die Ansicht, dass Wissen, Wahrheit, soziale Identitäten wie auch gesellschaftliche Praktiken als kontingente und stets unabgeschlossene Ergebnisse sozialer Konstruktionsprozesse zu begreifen seien. Am Beispiel verschiedener marxistischer Grundannahmen, wie der Trennung von Lohnarbeit und Kapital, dem Verwertungszwang des Kapitals, dem Auseinanderfallen von Politik und Ökonomie, wird anschließend dafür plädiert, diese nicht als gegebene Tatsachen hinzunehmen, sondern in ihrer diskursiven Verfasstheit selbst zu untersuchen. Erst dann – so die Annahme – lässt sich zeigen, ob und wie diese Elemente gesellschaftlich wirkmächtig werden.
In diesem Artikel wird der Tempus-Modus-Gebrauch in indirekter Redewiedergabe im Niederdeutschen im Vergleich mit dem Hochdeutschen, Englischen und Norwegischen untersucht. Die hochdeutsche Standardsprache verfügt über eine voll ausgebaute Indikativ-Konjunktiv-Unterscheidung, wobei eine der Funktionen des Konjunktivs in der Markierung indirekter Rede besteht. Viele andere germanische Sprachen, hier vertreten durch das Englische und Norwegische, kennen keine vergleichbare Konjunktivkategorie (mehr). Indirekte Rede steht dort im Indikativ, wobei häufig das Phänomen der Tempusverschiebung zu beobachten ist. Das nördliche Niederdeutsche kennt ebenfalls keine distinkten Konjunktivformen, womit sich die Frage stellt, ob auch die Redewiedergabe wie in den anderen konjunktivlosen Sprachen funktioniert. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht dieser Frage im Rahmen einer empirischen Untersuchung nach. Als Datengrundlage dienen nordniederdeutsche Radionachrichten. Es zeigt sich, dass die Verteilung von Präsens und Präteritum in den niederdeutschen Radiodaten weiter ausfällt als in den konjunktivlosen Vergleichssprachen: Das Präsens tritt, wie im Hochdeutschen, auch dort auf, wo im Englischen und Norwegischen mit einer Verschiebung zum Präteritum zu rechnen wäre. Und für das Präteritum ergibt sich eine reportiv-konjunktivische Verwendung, die keine Entsprechung im Englischen oder Norwegischen hat.
This article examines a recurrent format that speakers use for defining ordinary expressions or technical terms. Drawing on data from four different languages - Flemish, French, German, and Italian - it focuses on definitions in which a definiendum is first followed by a negative definitional component (‘definiendum is not X’), and then by a positive definitional component (‘definiendum is Y’). The analysis shows that by employing this format, speakers display sensitivity towards a potential meaning of the definiendum that recipients could have taken to be valid. By negating this meaning, speakers discard this possible, yet unintended understanding. The format serves three distinct interactional purposes: (a) it is used for argumentation, e.g. in discussions and political debates, (b) it works as a resource for imparting knowledge, e.g. in expert talk and instructions, and (c) it is employed, in ordinary conversation, for securing the addressee's correct understanding of a possibly problematic expression. The findings contribute to our understanding of how epistemic claims and displays relate to the turn-constructional and sequential organization of talk. They also show that the much quoted ‘problem of meaning’ is, first and foremost, a participant's problem.
This paper asks whether and in which ways managing coordination tasks in traffic involve the accomplishment of intersubjectivity. Taking instances of coordinating passing an obstacle with oncoming traffic as the empirical case, four different practices were found.
1. Intersubjectivity can be presupposed by expecting others to stick to the traffic code and other mutually shared expectations.
2. Intersubjective solutions emerge step by step by mutual responsive-anticipatory adaptation of driving decisions.
3. Intersubjectivity can be accomplished by explicit interactive negotiation of passages.
4. Coordination problems can be solved without relying on intersubjectivity by unilateral, responsive-anticipatory adaptation to others’ behaviors.
Im Rahmen der korpusgestützten Lexikografie stellt die Kookkurrenzanalyse ein bewährtes Verfahren dar, um Massendaten aus Korpora im Corpus-driven-Ansatz zu einem Einzelstichwort vorzustrukturieren. Wie diese Daten im redaktionellen lexikografischen Prozess in die Wortartikelproduktion einfließen können, wurde beispielsweise beim allgemeinen einsprachigen Online-Wörterbuch elexiko erprobt, dokumentiert und umgesetzt. Für das Wörterbuch „Paronyme - Dynamisch im Kontrast“ bildet die Kookkurrenzanalyse gleichfalls einen Ausgangspunkt für die Arbeit an Wortartikeln, allerdings unter anderen Voraussetzungen: Der folgenreichste Unterschied in methodischer Hinsicht ist, dass im Paronymwörterbuch mindestens zwei Stichwörter vergleichend gegenübergestellt werden, um so semantische Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede explizit zu machen. Im Beitrag wird diskutiert, wie die Verfahren der Kookkurrenzanalyse und des nachfolgenden Vergleichs für die praktische Artikelarbeit beim Paronymwörterbuch variiert, spezifiziert und nutzbar gemacht wurden.
Question Answering Systems for retrieving information from Knowledge Graphs (KG) have become a major area of interest in recent years. Current systems search for words and entities but cannot search for grammatical phenomena. The purpose of this paper is to present our research on developing a QA System that answers natural language questions about German grammar.
Our goal is to build a KG which contains facts and rules about German grammar, and is also able to answer specific questions about a concrete grammatical issue. An overview of the current research in the topic of QA systems and ontology design is given and we show how we plan to construct the KG by integrating the data in the grammatical information system Grammis, hosted by the Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS). In this paper, we describe the construction of the initial KG, sketch our resulting graph, and demonstrate the effectiveness of such an approach. A grammar correction component will be part of a later stage. The paper concludes with the potential areas for future research.
Die 21. Arbeitstagung zur Gesprächsforschung mit dem Rahmenthema „Vergleichende Gesprächsforschung“ fand vom 21.–23. März 2018 am Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim statt. Das Ziel der Tagung war es, Forscherinnen und Forscher zusammenzubringen, die authentische Interaktionsdaten aus vergleichender Perspektive untersuchen. Das Rahmenthema der Tagung ergab sich aus dem steigenden Interesse an vergleichenden Fragestellungen innerhalb konversations- und gesprächsanalytischer Untersuchungen. Die Tagung nahm gezielt Vorgehensweisen und Methoden bei der Durchführung vergleichender Untersuchungen in den Blick. Die Vorträge, Projektpräsentationen und Datensitzungen erörterten 1. das Vergleichen als analytische Grundoperation der Konversations- und Gesprächsanalyse, 2. Vergleiche alternativer Ressourcen und Praktiken für spezifische Handlungen und Aktivitäten in der Interaktion sowie 3. methodologische Herausforderungen einer vergleichenden Gesprächsforschung.
How do people communicate in mobile settings of interaction? How does mobility affect the way we speak? How does mobility exert influence on the manner in which talk itself is consequential for how we move in space? Recently, questions of this sort have attracted increasing attention in the human and social sciences. This Special Issue contributes to the emerging body of studies on mobility and talk by inspecting an ordinary and ubiquitous phenomenon in which communication among mobile participants is paramount: participation in traffic. This editorial presents previous work on mobility in natural settings, as carried out by interactionally oriented researchers. It also shows how the investigation into traffic participation adds new perspectives to research on language and communication.
Based on conference reports and minutes, archive material and official documents, the article seeks to explore the way in which the promotion of women’s sports and of women in leadership positions became an important part of the sport policy of two major organizations involved in European sport cooperation: the Council of Europe and the European Sport Conference. During first and modest discussions in the 1960s and 1970s it constituted a rather paternalistic project. Also, it was based on the assumption of an essential difference between men and women concerning the need for participation in sport. This only changed since the beginning of the 1980s when women took the course in their own hands, challenged the underlying assumptions and created new networks of cooperation.
German subjectively veridical sicher sein ‘be certain’ can embed ob-clauses in negative contexts, while subjectively veridical glauben ‘believe’ and nonveridical möglich sein ‘be possible’ cannot. The Logical Form of F isn’t certain if M is in Rome is regarded as the negated disjunction of two sentences ¬(cf σ ∨ cf ¬σ) or ¬cf σ ∧ ¬cf ¬σ. Be certain can have this LF because ¬cf σ and ¬cf ¬σ are compatible and nonveridical. Believe excludes this LF because ¬bf σ and ¬bf ¬σ are incompatible in a question-under-discussion context. It follows from this incompatibility and from the incompatibility of bf σ and bf ¬σ that bf ¬σ and ¬bf σ are equivalent. Therefore believe cannot be nonveridical. Be possible doesn’t allow the LF either. Similar to believe, ¬pf σ and ¬pf ¬σ are incompatible. But unlike believe, pf σ and pf ¬σ are compatible.
The demo presents a minimalist, off-the-shelf AND tool which provides a fundamental AND operation, the comparison of two publications with ambiguous authors, as an easily accessible HTTP interface. The tool implements this operation using standard AND functionality, but puts particular emphasis on advanced methods from natural language processing (NLP) for comparing publication title semantics.
In diesem Beitrag geht es vor allem um die Frage, wie das Smartphone in der Alltagskommunikation als gemeinsamer Bezugspunkt relevant gemacht wird und wie sich die Reaktionen der Interagierenden zum auf dem Display Gezeigten gestalten. Es zeigt sich, dass diese in mehrere responsive Schritte unterteilt werden, in denen die Aufmerksamkeit gebündelt und das Display fokussiert wird sowie eine Abstimmung darüber erfolgt, wie das Gezeigte zu kontextualisieren ist.
The use of digital resources and tools across humanities disciplines is steadily increasing, giving rise to new research paradigms and associated methods that are commonly subsumed under the term digital humanities. Digital humanities does not constitute a new discipline in itself, but rather a new approach to humanities research that cuts across different existing humanities disciplines. While digital humanities extends well beyond language-based research, textual resources and spoken language materials play a central role in most humanities disciplines.
The transfer of research data management from one institution to another infrastructural partner is all but trivial, but can be required, for instance, when an institution faces reorganization or closure. In a case study, we describe the migration of all research data, identify the challenges we encountered, and discuss how we addressed them. It shows that the moving of research data management to another institution is a feasible, but potentially costly enterprise. Being able to demonstrate the feasibility of research data migration supports the stance of data archives that users can expect high levels of trust and reliability when it comes to data safety and sustainability.
Im Streit um Migration soll der Gebrauch von Disclaimern in erster Linie ein positives Bild des Produzenten liefern oder wenigstens Ansprüche auf die Berechtigung seiner kritischen Stellungnahme erheben, ohne dass der Produzent als Rassist abgestempelt wird. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse einer Fallstudie über den Gebrauch eines solchen Disclaimers in Deutschland und in Italien zusammengefasst, nämlich von „Ich bin kein Rassist, aber“ und seiner italienischen Entsprechung „Non sono razzista, ma“. Es wird gezeigt, (i) wie diese Disclaimer zum Ausdruck ausländerkritischer Stellungnahmen verwendet werden und (ii) wie ihre Verwendung in der Öffentlichkeit wahrgenommen wird.
Language attitudes matter; they influence people’s behaviour and decisions. Therefore, it is crucial to learn more about patterns in the way that languages are evaluated. One means of doing so is using a quantitative approach with data representative of a whole population, so that results mirror dispositions at a societal level. This kind of approach is adopted here, with a focus on the situation in Germany. The article consists of two parts. First, I will present some results of a new representative survey on language attitudes in Germany (the Germany Survey 2017). Second, I will show how language attitudes penetrate even seemingly objective data collection processes by examining the German Microcensus. In 2017, for the first time in eighty years, the German Microcensus included a question on language use ‘at home’. Unfortunately, however, the question was clearly tainted by language attitudes instead of being objective. As a result, the Microcensus significantly misrepresents the linguistic reality of different migrant languages spoken in Germany.
Mangelhafter Adressatenzuschnitt in ukrainischen und deutschen politischen Youtube-Interviews
(2019)
The article investigates Ukrainian and German YouTube interviews from the point of view of contrastive linguistics. The purpose of this paper is to separate out the interview as a communicative genre and to determine the main aspects of research on discrepancies in expectations among interview participants, in particular to clarify the role of poor recipient design as the cause of communication failures. Results indicate that poor recipient design is the most common source of communication failures in both languages.
Are borrowed neologisms accepted more slowly into the German language than German words resulting from the application of wrd formation rules? This study addresses this question by focusing on two possible indicators for the acceptance of neologisms: a) frequency development of 239 German neologisms from the 1990s (loanwords as well as new words resulting from the application of word formation rules) in the German reference corpus DEREKO and b) frequency development in the use of pragmatic markers (‘flags’, namely quotation marks and phrases such as sogenannt ‘so-called’) with these words. In the second part of the article, a psycholinguistic approach to evaluating the (psychological) status of different neologisms and non-words in an experimentally controlled study and plans to carry out interviews in a field test to collect speakers’ opinions on the acceptance of the analysed neologisms are outlined. Finally, implications for the lexicographic treatment of both types of neologisms are discussed.
Latvia
(2019)
This chapter deals with current issues in bilingual education in the framework of language and educational policies in Latvia, and also outlines similarities or common tendencies in the two other Baltic states, Estonia and Lithuania. As commonly understood in the 21st century, the term ‘bilingual education’ includes ‘multilingual education, as the umbrella term to cover a wide spectrum of practice and policy’ (García, 2009: 9).
Substantivdetermination im Deutschen und im Ungarischen. Eine sprachtypologisch-kontrastive Analyse
(2018)
Die Studie untersucht den Bereich der Substantivdetermination im deutschen und im Ungarischen aus einer typologisch-kontrastiven Perspektive. Ausgehend von den semantisch-pragmatischen Funktionen der Determinative wird ihr Gebrauch zum Ausdruck von Definitheit, Indefinitheit und Generizität in beiden Sprachen beschrieben. Grundlage der Darstellung bilden Belege aus elektronischen Korpora und gedruckten literarischen Texten. Besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei Fragen gewidmet, die in der bisherigen Forschung wenig Aufmerksamkeit erfahren haben, so z.B. die Optionalität des indefiniten Artikels im Ungarischen sowie der sogenannte anamnestische Gebrauch der Demonstrativa. Beide Phänomenbereiche erlauben Rückschlüsse zum Grammatikalisierungsgrad er betreffenden Elemente. Ferner wird auf syntaktische Eigenschaften der Determinative wie ihre Kombinierbarkeit eingegangen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die beiden Vergleichssprachen neben vielen Gemeinsamkeiten auch sprachspezifische Besonderheiten im Gebrauch der Determinative aufweisen, die sich erst in einem Vergleich herauskristallisieren. Das Buch richtet sich an Fachkollegen und Studierende aus den Bereichen der germanistischen und ungarischen Sprachwissenschaft, der kontrastiven Linguistik, der Sprachtypologie und des Fachs Deutsch als Fremdsprache.
Am Beispiel von zwei Fallstudien wird die Frage der Generalisierbarkeit von an einer Einzelsprache gewonnenen Erkenntnissen über Verknüpfungselemente (Konnektoren) und konnektorale Strukturen aufgeworfen. Empirisch geht es zum einen um die Topologie von Adverbkonnektoren, zum anderen um das Verhältnis zwischen Adverbkonnektoren, Subjunktoren (bzw. Untersatzeinleitern) und den ihnen zugrundeliegenden Präpositionen. Methodischer Ausgangspunkt sind jeweils die Analysen und Klassifikationen des HDK, also ein dezidiert auf das Deutsche bezogener Ansatz. Es soll gezeigt werden, dass die feinkörnige einzelsprachliche Analyse, wie sie das HDK bietet, mit Gewinn auch auf andere europäische Sprachen, hier Englisch, Französisch und am Rande auch Polnisch, adaptiert werden kann, wenn die Rahmenbedingungen stimmen, also zugrundeliegende funktionale komparative Konzepte und sprachspezifische Strukturprinzipien beachtet werden. Dann ist auch ein Zugewinn für die Beschreibung des Deutschen zu erwarten.
Terminological resources play a central role in the organization and retrieval of scientific texts. Both simple keyword lists and advanced modelings of relationships between terminological concepts can make a most valuable contribution to the analysis, classification, and finding of appropriate digital documents, either on the web or within local repositories. This seems especially true for long-established scientific fields with elusive theoretical and historical branches, where the use of terminology within documents from different origins is often far from being consistent. In this paper, we report on the progress of a linguistically motivated project on the onomasiological re-modeling of the terminological resources for the grammatical information system grammis. We present the design principles and the results of their application. In particular, we focus on new features for the authoring backend and discuss how these innovations help to evaluate existing, loosely structured terminological content, as well as to efficiently deal with automatic term extraction. Furthermore, we introduce a transformation to a future SKOS representation. We conclude with a positioning of our resources with regard to the Knowledge Organization discourse and discuss how a highly complex information environment like grammis benefits from the re-designed terminological KOS.
Just like most varieties of West Germanic, virtually all varieties of German use a construction in which a cognate of the English verb 'do' (standard German 'tun') functions as an auxiliary and selects another verb in the bare infinitive, a construction known as 'do'-periphrasis or 'do'-support. The present paper provides an Optimality Theoretic (OT) analysis of this phenomenon. It builds on a previous analysis by Bader and Schmid (An OT-analysis of 'do'-support in Modern German, 2006) but (i) extends it from root clauses to subordinate clauses and (ii) aims to capture all of the major distributional patterns found across (mostly non-standard) varieties of German. In so doing, the data are used as a testing ground for different models of German clause structure. At first sight, the occurrence of 'do' in subordinate clauses, as found in many varieties, appears to support the standard CP-IP-VP analysis of German. In actual fact, however, the full range of data turn out to challenge, rather than support, this model. Instead, I propose an analysis within the IP-less model by Haider (Deutsche Syntax - generativ. Vorstudien zur Theorie einer projektiven Grammatik, Narr, Tübingen, 1993 et seq.). In sum, the 'do'-support data will be shown to have implications not only for the analysis of clause structure but also for the OT constraints commonly assumed to govern the distribution of 'do', for the theory of non-projecting words (Toivonen in Non-projecting words, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2003) as well as research on grammaticalization.
Instruction practices in German driving lessons: Differential uses of declaratives and imperatives
(2018)
Building on а corpus of 70 hours of German driving lessons, this paper studies the use of declaratives vs. imperatives for instruction. It shows how these linguistic resources are adapted to different praxeological, temporal and participant-related environments. Declaratives are used for first instructions, task-setting and post- trial discussions. They exhibit complex syntax and do not call for immediate compliance. Their high degree of explicitness conveys how the action is to be carried out. Imperative instructions overwhelmingly correct ongoing actions of students or respond to their failure to produce expected actions. They exhibit minimal argument structure. They are reminders which presuppose that the student monitors the scene and can perform the action unproblematically. They index that requests have to be complied with immediately or even urgently.
Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht Ausbildungsinteraktionen in zwei beruflichen Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen für Flüchtlinge. Solche Maßnahmen werden seit 2015 verstärkt angeboten, um die Geflüchteten möglichst umfassend und zügig auf eine Arbeitsaufnahme in Deutschland vorzubereiten. Im Kontext einer ethnografischen Studie untersuchen wir mit Methoden der multimodalen Interaktionsanalyse, a) wie in Anleitungsgesprächen Verständigungsprobleme zwischen deutschen Anleitern und auszubildenden Flüchtlingen entstehen und b) welche sprachlich-kommunikativen Praktiken zu ihrer Bearbeitung eingesetzt werden. Dabei lassen sich ebenso gelungene wie Probleme erzeugende Kommunikationspraktiken feststellen. Da die meisten Geflüchteten zu Beginn der untersuchten Maßnahmen noch keine Integrationskurse besucht hatten und nur über wenige Deutschkenntnisse verfügten, liegt der primäre Fokus der Analyse auf der Beteiligungsweise der Ausbilder, betrachtet diese aber im sequenziellen Kontext der Interaktionsbeteiligung der auszubildenden Flüchtlinge. Die Untersuchung beruht auf 22 Stunden Videoaufnahmen praktischer Ausbildungen.
Response particles manage intersubjectivity. This conversation analytic study describes German eben (“exactly”). With eben, speaker A locally agrees with the immediately prior turn of B (the “confirmable”) and establishes a second indexical link: A relates B’s confirmable to a position A herself had already displayed (the “anchor”). Through claiming temporal priority, eben speakers treat a just-formulated position as self-evident and mark independence. Further evidence for the three-part structure “anchor-confirmable-eben” that eben sets in motion retrospectively comes from instances where eben speakers supply a missing/opaque anchor via a postpositioned display of independent access. Data are in German with English translation.
Deutschland sieht sich in den nächsten Jahren vor enorme Herausforderungen gestellt. Mit der Fluchtmigration von knapp 1,5 Millionen Menschen alleine zwischen den Jahren 2014 und 2017 stehen nahezu in jedem gesellschaftlichen Bereich, und hier insbesondere in den Sektoren Bildung und Arbeit, große Integrationsaufgaben an. Steven Vertovec (2015), der Leiter des Max-Planck-Instituts zur Erforschung multireligiöser und multiethnischer Gesellschaften, bezeichnet die Fluchtmigration von 2015 auch deshalb als die „zweite Wende“ für Deutschland, die das Land nachhaltig verändern wird. Nach seiner Einschätzung sind die erwartbaren gesellschaftlichen Transformationen von solch einer Größenordnung, dass die Formulierung „seit der Flüchtlingskrise“ eine ebenso geläufige Redewendung sein wird wie die Formulierung „seit der Wende“. Um diese gegenwärtigen Migrations- und Integrationsprozesse von Anfang an dokumentieren und analysieren zu können, wurde am Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) zu Beginn des Jahres 2016 das Projekt „Deutsch im Beruf: Die sprachlich-kommunikative Integration von Flüchtlingen“ gestartet, dessen erste Ergebnisse das vorliegende Themenheft präsentiert.
Based on the empirical data of 97 fourth-graders from three districts of Braunschweig in Germany, this paper investigates the possibility of changing semantic frames in multilingual communities. The focus of study is the verb field of self-motion. In a free-sorting task involving 52 verbs, Turkish-speaking students, in particular, placed the verbs schleichen (‘to sneak’) and kommen (‘to come’) in the same group. When explaining the perceived similarity they also used the word schleichen (‘to sneak’), in a specific grammatical construction that is not found in Standard German. This paper suggests that semantic frames may change along with grammatical constructions when typologically distinct languages come into close contact.
Null subjects (NSs) have been a central research topic in generative syntax ever since the 1980s. This chapter considers the situation of German NSs both from a dialectological and from a diachronic perspective and attempts to reconstruct a direct line concerning the licensing conditions of pro-drop from Old High German (OHG) through Middle High German (MHG) and Early New High German (ENHG) to current dialects of New High German (NHG). Particularly, we will argue that German changed from a consistent, yet asymmetric pro-drop language to a partial, but symmetric one. In order to demonstrate that this development took place and the steps involved, we survey the existing empirical evidence and introduce new data.
Im Kontext des Essens und seiner Zubereitung, der Speisen und ihres Verzehrs, akzentuiert das Wort Gericht, dass es sich bei der gesellschaftlich üblichen Form von Nahrungsaufnahme um eine spezifisch ausgeformte soziale Praxis handelt. In diesem Handlungs- und Interpretationskontext wird mit dem Wort Gericht hervorgehoben, dass eine auf bestimmte Weise zubereitete („zugerichtete“) Speise als relevanter Teil einer Mahlzeit zu gelten hat. Wie bei solchen Alltagspraktiken nicht unüblich, ist die Verwendung dieses Worts nicht scharf von anderen Benennungen in diesem Kontext zu trennen, von denen die Praktiken des Essens nicht so sehr über die „Zurichtung“, sondern z.B. über die Abfolge (z.B. Hauptspeise, Gang usw.) geleistet werden. Allerdings ist mit dem Angerichtetsein, das im Wort Gericht steckt, doch auch immer seine Angemessenheit angedeutet, etwas, was es mit dem gleichlautenden juristischen Wort verbindet – und zu mancherlei textueller Verbindung führt.
Germany's (single) national official language is German. The dominance of German in schools, politics, the legal system, administration and the entire written public domain is so great that for a long time the lack of a coherent language policy was not seen as a problem. State restraint in this area is due, on the one hand, to historical reasons; on the other hand, it has been promoted by the federal system in Germany, which grants the federal states far-reaching responsibilities in the fields of education and culture. More recently, multilingualism among the population has increased and has resulted in a growing interest in understanding the language situation in Germany and (in particular) taking a closer look at the different minority languages. In 2017, for the first time in about 80 years, there is a question on the language of the population in the German micro census. The Institute for the German Language has also carried out various representative surveys; in the winter of 2017/201, a large representative survey with questions on the language repertoire and language attitudes is in the field.
Present-day German uses two formally different patterns of compounding in N+N compounds. The first combines bare stems (e.g. Tisch+decke ‘tablecloth’) while the second contains an intervening linking element (LE) as in Geburt-s-ort ‘birth-LE-place’. The linked compounding type developed in Early New High German (1350–1650) from phrasal constructions by reanalyzing genitive attributes as first constituents of compounds. The present paper uses corpus data to explore three key stages in this development: In the initial stage, it shows how prenominal non-specific genitive constructions lent themselves to reanalysis due to their functional overlap and formal similarity. Additionally, compounds seem to have replaced not only prenominal genitives, but also structurally different postnominal genitives. In the second stage, the new compounding pattern increases in productivity between 1500 and 1710, especially compared to the older pattern without linking elements. The last stage pertains to changes in spelling practice. It shows that linked compounds were written separately in the beginning. Their gradual graphematic integration into directly connected words was reversed by a century of hyphenation (1650–1750). This is strikingly different from present-day spelling practice and shows that the linked pattern was still perceived as marked.
Several studies have examined effects of explicit task demands on eye movements in reading. However, there is relatively little prior research investigating the influence of implicit processing demands. In this study, processing demands were manipulated by means of a between-subject manipulation of comprehension question difficulty. Consistent with previous results from Wotschack and Kliegl, the question difficulty manipulation influenced the probability of regressing from late in sentences and re-reading earlier regions; readers who expected difficult comprehension questions were more likely to re-read. However, this manipulation had no reliable influence on eye movements during first-pass reading of earlier sentence regions. Moreover, for the subset of sentences that contained a plausibility manipulation, the disruption induced by implausibility was not modulated by the question manipulation. We interpret these results as suggesting that comprehension demands influence reading behavior primarily by modulating a criterion for comprehension that readers apply after completing first-pass processing.
Since Lerner coined the notion of delayed completion in 1989, this recurrent social practice of continuing one’s speaking turn while disregarding an intermediate co-participant’s utterance has not been investigated with regard to embodied displays and actions. A sequential approach to videotaped mundane conversations in German will explain the occurrence and use of delayed completions. First, especially in multi-party and multi-activity settings, delayed completions can result from reduced monitoring and coordinating activities. Second, recipients can use intra-turn response slots for more extended responsive actions than the current speaker initially projected, leading to delayed completion sequences. Finally, delayed completions are used for blocking possibly misaligned co-participant actions. The investigation of visible action illustrates that delayed completions are a basic practice for retrospectively managing co-participant response slots.
Psychological research has neglected people whose accent does not match their appearance. Most research on person perception has focused on appearance, overlooking accents that are equally important social cues. If accents were studied, it was often done in isolation (i.e., detached from appearance). We examine how varying accent and appearance information about people affects evaluations. We show that evaluations of expectancy-violating people shift in the direction of the added information. When a job candidate looked foreign, but later spoke with a native accent, his evaluations rose and he was evaluated best of all candidates (Experiment 1a). However, the sequence in which information was presented mattered: When heard first and then seen, his evaluations dropped (Experiment 1b). Findings demonstrate the importance of studying the combination and sequence of different types of information in impression formation. They also allow predicting reactions to ethnically mixed people, who are increasingly present in modern societies.
Aversion to loanwords may express itself in various ways: deliberate and motivated by ideology of linguistic purism or more implicit and motivated by the strength of one’s national identification and ethnolinguistic vitality. A study of Polish philology students assessed their tendency to choose loanwords versus synonymous native words. The results supported a two-path model of linguistic purism. Social identity (strength of identification) directly predicted avoidance of loanwords, whereas ideological concerns (conservative political views) predicted it indirectly, through purist ideology.
Dieser Beitrag widmet sich der Analyse des Zusammenspiels sprachlich-hörbarer und sichtbar-kinesischer Praktiken, die beim alltäglichen Erzählen eingesetzt werden. Im Rahmen einer konversationsanalytisch basierten Untersuchung von Videoaufnahmen deutscher Alltagsgespräche wird die Bandbreite alltäglicher narrativer Praktiken in der face-to-face-Kommunikation aufgezeigt. Dies erfolgt exemplarisch anhand zweier Beispiele, in denen Einstieg, Ausgestaltung sowie Beendigung der Erzählung unter unterschiedlichen sequentiellen und multimodalen Bedingungen vollzogen werden. Die Untersuchung unterstreicht einerseits die Indexikalität alltäglicher narrativer Praktiken, andererseits die Notwendigkeit einer interaktionalen Narratologie, die diese Praktiken als Produkt sprachlicher, verkörperter und räumlicher Ressourcen sowie der Zusammenarbeit mehrerer Teilnehmer analysiert und konzeptualisiert.
As open class repair initiators (OCRIs, e.g., “what” or “huh”) do not specify the type of repairable, choosing an adequate repair format in the next turn becomes a practical problem for the participants. Whereas in monolingual/L1 speaker conversations participants typically orient towards troubles caused by reduced acoustic intelligibility or by topical/sequential disjunction, in multilingual/L2 interactions possible problems regarding asymmetric language choices and skills can be added – and might be responded to accordingly. Based on videotaped international business meetings and interactions at a customs post, this paper investigates various open class and embodied other-initiations of repair. By means of a conversation analytical and multimodal approach to social interaction, this contribution focuses first on instances of audible OCRIs and illustrates that they are accompanied by embodied conduct. Second, two types of embodied other-initiation of repair are scrutinized: a lifted eyebrows/head display and a freeze display in which movements are suspended. The analysis shows that participants treat these as referring either to troubles in hearing (display 1) or to troubles in understanding the linguistic format (display 2). This leads to the formulation of further desiderata and analytical challenges regarding the multimodal other-initiation of repair in general and in professional international settings in particular.
Wir diskutieren in diesem Beitrag Implikationen, mit denen man zu tun bekommt, wenn man kleinste Formen situativer Vergesellschaftung – wir sprechen von kommunikativen Minimalformen – untersucht. Kommunikative Minimalformen sind kurzzeitige, nur wenige Sekunden dauernde, gemeinsam konstituierte Interaktionsereignisse. Ungeachtet ihrer Kürze weisen sie zum einen eine komplexe Interaktionsstruktur auf. Zum anderen besitzen sie auch eine klare soziale Implikation und eigene Wertigkeit. In dem hier untersuchten Fall, bei dem Passanten durch ein offenes Fenster in einen Privatraum blicken und dabei ertappt werden, zeigt sich diese soziale Implikativität als moralische Kommunikation im Sinne der interaktiven Bearbeitung eigenen Fehlverhaltens.
In einem der zentralen Projekte der Abteilung Grammatik des IDS, Korpusgrammatik – grammatische Variation im standardsprachlichen und standardnahen Deutsch, wird derzeit u.a. die Wortbildung bearbeitet. Es werden auch Erkenntnisse und weiterführende Fragestellungen berücksichtigt, die sich aus dem Ende 2014 abgeschlossenen Projekt zur Semantik der deutschen Konnektoren ergeben haben. Das neue Projekt stützt sich noch stärker als schon das Konnektoren-Projekt auf Korpusauswertungen. Methodik und erste Ergebnisse werden im vorliegenden Text an zwei exemplarischen Fallgruppen demonstriert: Zunächst geht es um eine Reihe konzessiver Subjunktoren der Bildungsmuster ob-/wenn-/wiewohl etc.; sodann um Bildungen auf -falls, die zu den Adverbkonnektoren gehören. Bestand und sich aus dessen Systematisierung ergebende Wortbildungsmuster werden aus Korpusbelegen vervollständigt, und unterliegende Wortbildungsverfahren (im Kontrast zu der Lage bei den Hauptwortarten) werden diskutiert. Dabei zeigen sich unerwartete Mustervarianten, die auch Hinweise auf die Produktivität der Wortbildungsverfahren geben. Schließlich werden die Varianten mit grammatikexternen Metadaten korreliert, wobei die Möglichkeiten des statistischen Tools KoGra-R genutzt werden.
In HDK-1 und in HDK-2 werden Perfektpartizipien wie angenommen und vorausgesetzt in der ‚absoluten‘ Verwendung ohne Auxiliar als vollständig grammatikalisierte Konnektoren mit konditionaler Semantik behandelt. Zwar werden sie von semantisch unterschiedlichen Verben gebildet, in der Verwendung als Konnektor lassen sich aber zumindest hinsichtlich der Wahrheitsbedingungen kaum semantische Unterschiede mehr erkennen. Deutliche Unterschiede zeigen sich aber im Sprachgebrauch: Basierend auf einer groß angelegten Korpusstudie wird gezeigt, dass sich angenommen und vorausgesetzt stark unterscheiden hinsichtlich a) ihrer Präferenz für die Einbettung von V2- vs. dass-Nebensätzen, b) des präferierten Verbmodus im Nebensatz, c) der topologischen Präferenz des untergeordneten Satzes sowie d) der Kookkurrenz mit anderen Ausdrücken. Es wird versucht, diese Unterschiede mit einem pragmatisch-funktionalen Ansatz zu erklären.
Der vorliegende Beitrag thematisiert zwei unterschiedliche Forschungsergebnisse aus der Auswertung des Korpus »Deutsch heute«. Im ersten Teil wird in einem lautsystematischen Aufriss die phonetische Variation, wie sie sich in der Vorleseaussprache der österreichischen Schülerinnen in den Korpusdaten manifestiert, dargestellt. Ein zweiter Teil des Beitrags präsentiert metasprachliche Äußerungen aus sprachbiographischen Interviews, die Einblicke in sprachbezogene Kategorien und Konzepte der jungen Österreicherinnen geben und Rückschlüsse auf Spracheinstellungen zulassen. Die Schülerinnen bestätigen nicht nur verschiedene Facetten des für Österreich anzunehmenden diaglossischen Verhältnisses der Varietäten durch ihren Formengebrauch, sondern auch in metasprachlichen Aussagen, die einen hohen Grad der Bewusstheit des eigenen Sprachgebrauchs sowie der formalen wie auch soziosymbolischen Unterschiede der Varietäten erkennen lassen.
Grußwort / Welcome address
(2018)
We present an empirical study addressing the question whether, and to which extent, lexicographic writing aids improve text revision results. German university students were asked to optimise two German texts using (1) no aids at all, (2) highlighted problems, or (3) highlighted problems accompanied by lexicographic resources that could be used to solve the specific problems. We found that participants from the third group corrected the largest number of problems and introduced the fewest semantic distortions during revision. Also, they reached the highest overall score and were most efficient (as measured in points per time). The second group with highlighted problems lies between the two other groups in almost every measure we analysed. We discuss these findings in the scope of intelligent writing environments, the effectiveness of writing aids in practical usage situations and teaching dictionary skills.
Cet article propose un bref aperçu de l’état de l’art en syntaxe de l’allemand. Pour illustrer les évolutions théoriques et méthodologiques majeures, en rupture avec les approches traditionnelles, l’étude a sélectionné cinq points particuliers : la structure du groupe nominal, la syntaxe du verbe en lien avec la valence et les fonctions syntaxiques, les diathèses, les constructions infinitives et la structure de la phrase sous l’angle de la position du verbe et de ses implications syntaxiques.
Fondé en 1964, l’Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) est aujourd’hui l’institution extra-universitaire la plus importante pour la recherche et la documentation dans le domaine de l’allemand contemporain. L’article met en perspective les travaux lexicologiques et lexicographiques qu’accomplit l’IDS en fonction de son cadre institutionnel, des changements paradigmatiques dans la recherche et des transformations sociétales.
Über 400 Wissenschaftler/innen aus insgesamt 25 verschiedenen Herkunftsländern kamen dieses Jahr zur 54. Jahrestagung des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache (IDS). Unter dem Titel „Neues vom heutigen Deutsch. Empirisch – methodisch – theoretisch“ konnten sich die Besucher/innen insgesamt 14 Fachvorträge anhören. In diesem Jahr wurde der Titel weit gefasst, um Themenvielfalt zu ermöglichen. „Neues“ bezeichnet dabei zum einen Neues von der deutschen Sprache, zum anderen aber auch neue Methoden, theoretische Ansätze und empirische Schwierigkeiten.
Der Beitrag widmet sich den Geflüchteten als Teil der deutschlernenden Teilnehmer/innen in den staatlich verordneten Integrationskursen (IKs). Unsere Erhebung unter 305 Geflüchteten aus Syrien und anderen Ländern legt ihren Schwerpunkt auf die sprachlichen Hintergründe. Dabei werden soziodemografische Daten mit Angaben zum Spracherwerb in Beziehung gesetzt und als kollektive Sprachbiografien dargestellt. Des Weiteren beschreiben wir sieben Teilnehmergruppen von Geflüchteten in den IKs, die sich vor allem auf Grund der Faktoren Alter, Bildungsgrad und Arbeitserfahrung unterscheiden, für die aber auch Merkmale im Hinblick auf Herkunft und Mehrsprachigkeit eine Rolle spielen. Ferner werden Angaben zur Sozialsituation in Deutschland mit Einschätzungen zum Deutscherwerb in Beziehung gesetzt. Ein Vergleich mit anderen Studien verdeutlicht die Verschiebungen in der Zusammensetzung des IK. Unser Beitrag kann als Anregung verstanden werden, die Passgenauigkeit im Sinne der Deutschlernenden zu überdenken.
To date, little is known about prosodic accommodation and its conversational functions in instances of overlapping talk in conversation. A major conversational action that happens in overlap is turn competition. It is not known whether participants accommodate prosodic parameters locally in the overlapped turn (initialisation) or access a repertoire of prosodic patterns that refer to general prosodic parameter norms (normalisation) when competing for the turn in overlap. This paper investigates the initialisation and normalisation of fundamental frequency (f0) and assesses its role as a resource for turn competition in overlap. We drew instances of overlapping talk from a corpus of conversational multi-party interactions in British English. We annotated the overlaps on a competitiveness scale and categorised them by overlap onset position and conversational function. We automatically extracted f0 parameters from the speech signal and processed them into f0 accommodation features that represent the normalising or the initialising use of f0. Using decision tree classification we found that f0 accommodation is only relevant as a turn competitive resource in overlaps that start clearly before a speaker transition. In this turn context, we found that normalising and initialising f0 features can both be relevant turn competitive resources. Their deployment depends on the conversational function of overlap.
The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section.
Nonnative accents are prevalent in our globalized world and constitute highly salient cues in social perception. Whereas previous literature has commonly assumed that they cue specific social group stereotypes, we propose that nonnative accents generally trigger spontaneous negatively biased associations (due to a general nonnative accent category and perceptual influences). Accordingly, Study 1 demonstrates negative biases with conceptual IATs, targeting the general concepts of accent versus native speech, on the dimensions affect, trust, and competence, but not on sociability. Study 2 attests to negative, largely enhanced biases on all dimensions with auditory IATs comprising matched native–nonnative speaker pairs for four accent types. Biases emerged irrespective of the accent types that differed in attractiveness, recognizability of origin, and origin-linked national associations. Study 3 replicates general IAT biases with an affect IAT and a conventional evaluative IAT. These findings corroborate our hypotheses and assist in understanding general negativity toward nonnative accents.
Einleitung
(2018)
Der Beitrag widmet sich den Besonderheiten der deutschen Phraseologismen mit Farbkomponenten (schwarz, weiß, rot, gelb, grün und blau), die ein lakunares Phänomen für die Ukrainer bilden, die Deutsch als Fremdsprache studieren. Diese Lücken führen zu kommunikativen Missverständnissen. Dabei wird die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Null-Äquivalenz der Phraseologismen und die falschen Freunde des Übersetzers gelenkt. Die Farbkomponenten kommen beim Übersetzen als identisch, verschieden oder nur in der deutschen Sprache vorhanden vor.
Der vorliegende, in das Themenheft einführende Text will einen Überblick über die Ursprünge, die wesentlichen Entwicklungen und die Perspektiven dieses jungen Forschungsgebietes geben. Er ist zunächst wissenschaftshistorisch angelegt, wird also zu Beginn auf einige Vorläuferstudien verweisen und dann versuchen, die Entwicklung der Auseinandersetzung mit den LL in ihren Grundlinien darzustellen und zentrale Themen und Anwendungsfelder, Methoden sowie Begriffe und Termini vorstellen. Im letzten Teil wird auf Forschungsdesiderate bzw. -perspektiven verwiesen. Dabei wird auch immer wieder die Relevanz dieses Ansatzes für den Deutschunterricht und andere Lehrsituationen angesprochen.
Recently, a claim was made, on the basis of the German Google Books 1-gram corpus (Michel et al., Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books. Science 2010; 331: 176–82), that there was a linear relationship between six non-technical non-Nazi words and three ‘explicitly Nazi words’ in times of World War II (Caruana-Galizia. 2015. Politics and the German language: Testing Orwell’s hypothesis using the Google N-Gram corpus. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities [Online]. http://dsh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/llc/fqv011 (accessed 15 April 2015)). Here, I try to show that apparent relationships like this are the result of misspecified models that do not take into account the temporal aspect of time-series data. The main point of this article is to demonstrate why such analyses run the risk of incorrect statistical inference, where potential effects are both meaningless and can potentially lead to wrong conclusions.
Theateraufführungen sind ohne Zuschauer nicht denkbar. Zugleich erweisen sich Proben aber als öffentlichkeitsabgeschirmte und intime Vorgänge, da eine (zu frühe) Orientierung an möglichen Publikums-Effekten den kreativen Prozess stört. Auf der Grundlage von über 30 Stunden Videoaufnahmen von Theaterproben zeige ich an ausgewählten Ausschnitten, wie Theatermachende sich sprachlich und körperlich im Probenprozess auf das Publikum beziehen, wie dies interaktiv realisiert wird und welche Rückschlüsse das auf die Weisen der Publikumskonstruktion im Kontext von Proben zulässt.
Wolfgang von Kempelen's book "The Mechanism of Human Speech" from 1791 is a famous milestone in the history of speech communication research. It has an enormous relevance for the phonetic sciences and it marks an important turning point for the development of the (mechanical) speech synthesis. So far no English version of this work was available, which excludes many interested researchers. Access to the original versions in German and French is restricted for various reasons. For example the blackletter script of the German version is troublesome for most of today's readers. We report here on a new edition of Kempelen's book which unites a better readable German version and its English translation. It will now also be in a searchable electronic format and has been enriched with many commentaries, which aid in the understanding of details of the late 18th century that are little known or unknown to many researchers today.
We present a method to identify and document a phenomenon on which there is very little empirical data: German phrasal compounds occurring in the form of as a single token (without punctuation between their components). Relying on linguistic criteria, our approach implies to have an operational notion of compounds which can be systematically applied as well as (web) corpora which are large and diverse enough to contain rarely seen phenomena. The method is based on word segmentation and morphological analysis, it takes advantage of a data-driven learning process. Our results show that coarse-grained identification of phrasal compounds is best performed with empirical data, whereas fine-grained detection could be improved with a combination of rule-based and frequency-based word lists. Along with the characteristics of web texts, the orthographic realizations seem to be linked to the degree of expressivity.
Dieser Beitrag vergleicht die Ansätze ,Linguistic Landscapes' (LL) und ,Spot German' (SG) in Hinblick auf ihr Potenzial für die Untersuchung des Vorkommens und der Funktionen der deutschen Sprache in Regionen außerhalb des deutschsprachigen Kerngebietes. Als Beispiele wurden eine LL-Studie im Baltikum sowie eine SG-Untersuchung auf Zypern gewählt. Der Vergleich zeigt, dass beide Methoden - trotz ihrer unterschiedlichen Präzision - ähnliche Aussagen zur Rolle des Deutschen erlauben: In beiden Ländern erscheint Deutsch als „Ergänzungssprache“ zu den gesellschaftlichen Hauptsprachen in bestimmten Nischen, z.B. im Tourismus und in Verbindung mit bestimmten Firmen und Produkten.
This chapter investigates policies which shape the role of the German language in contemporary Estonia. Whereas German played for many centuries an important role as the language of the economic and cultural elite in Estonia, it severely declined in importance throughout the twentieth century. Mirrored on this historical background, the paper provides an overview of the current functions of German and attitudes towards it and it discusses how these functions and attitudes are influenced by policies of various actors from inside and outside Estonia. The paper argues that German continues to play a significant role: while German is no longer a lingua franca, it still enjoys a number of functions and prestige in clearly defined niches involving communication within German-speaking circles or between Estonians and Germans. The interplay of language policies of the Estonian and the German-speaking states as well as by semi-state and private institutions succeed in maintaining German as an additional language in contemporary Estonia.
In the management of cooperation, the fit of a requested action with what the addressee is presently doing is a pervasively relevant consideration. We present evidence that imperative turns are adapted to, and reflexively create, contexts in which the other person is committed to the course of action advanced by the imperative. This evidence comes from systematic variation in the design of imperative turns, relative to the fittedness of the imperatively mandated action to the addressee’s ongoing trajectory of actions, what we call the “dine of commitment”. We present four points on this dine: Responsive imperatives perform an operation on the deontic dimension of what the addressee has announced or already begun to do (in particular its permissibility); local-project imperatives formulate a new action advancing a course of action in which the addressee is already actively engaged; global-project-imperatives target a next task for which the addressee is available on the grounds of their participation in the overall event, and in the absence of any competing work; and competitive imperatives draw on a presently otherwise engaged addressee on the grounds of their social commitment to the relevant course of actions. These four turn shapes are increasingly complex, reflecting the interactional work required to bridge the increasing distance between what the addressee is currently doing, and what the imperative mandates. We present data from German and Polish informal and institutional settings.