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Electronic dictionaries should support dictionary users by giving them guidance in text production and text reception, alongside a user-definable offer of lexicographic data for cognitive purposes. In this article, we sketch the principles of an interactive and dynamic electronic dictionary aimed at text production and text reception guiding users in innovative ways, especially with respect to difficult, complicated or confusing issues. The lexicographer has to do a very careful analysis of the nature of the possible problems to suggest an optimal solution for a specific problem. We are of the opinion that there are numerous complex situations where users need more detailed support than currently available in e-dictionaries, enabling them to make valid and correct choices. For highly complex situations, we suggest guidance through a decision tree-like device. We assume that the solutions proposed here are not specific to one language only but can, after careful analysis, be applied to e-dictionaries in different languages across the world.
So far, there have been few descriptions on creating structures capable of storing lexicographic data, ISO 24613:2008 being one of the latest. Another one is by Spohr (2012), who designs a multifunctional lexical resource which is able to store data of different types of dictionaries in a user-oriented way. Technically, his design is based on the principle of a hierarchical XML/OWL (eXtensible Markup Language/Web Ontology Language) representation model. This article follows another route in describing a model based on entities and relations between them; MySQL (usually referred to as: Structured Query Language) describes a database system of tables containing data and definitions of relations between them. The model was developed in the context of the project "Scientific eLexicography for Africa" and the lexicographic database to be built thereof will be implemented with MySQL. The principles of the ISO model and of Spohr's model are adhered to with one major difference in the implementation strategy: we do not place the lemma in the centre of attention, but the sense description — all other elements, including the lemma, depend on the sense description. This article also describes the contained lexicographic data sets and how they have been collected from different sources. As our aim is to compile several prototypical internet dictionaries (a monolingual Northern Sotho dictionary, a bilingual learners' Xhosa–English dictionary and a bilingual Zulu–English dictionary), we describe the necessary microstructural elements for each of them and which principles we adhere to when designing different ways of accessing them. We plan to make the model and the (empty) database with all graphical user interfaces that have been developed, freely available by mid-2015.
So far, Sepedi negations have been considered more from the point of view of lexicographical treatment. Theoretical works on Sepedi have been used for this purpose, setting as an objective a neat description of these negations in a (paper) dictionary. This paper is from a different perspective: instead of theoretical works, corpus linguistic methods are used: (1) a Sepedi corpus is examined on the basis of existing descriptions of the occurrences of a relevant verb, looking at its negated forms from a purely prescriptive point of view; (2) a "corpus-driven" strategy is employed, looking only for sequences of negation particles (or morphemes) in order to list occurring constructions, without taking into account the verbs occurring in them, apart from their endings. The approach in (2) is only intended to show a possible methodology to extend existing theories on occurring negations. We would also like to try to help lexicographers to establish a frequency-based order of entries of possible negation forms in their dictionaries by showing them the number of respective occurrences. As with all corpus linguistic work, however, we must regard corpus evidence not as representative, but as tendencies of language use that can be detected and described. This is especially true for Sepedi, for which only few and small corpora exist. This paper also describes the resources and tools used to create the necessary corpus and also how it was annotated with part of speech and lemmas. Exploring the quality of available Sepedi part-of-speech taggers concerning verbs, negation morphemes and subject concords may be a positive side result.
In this paper we present the results of a survey conducted among students of German Philology at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań in the years 2015–2017. The target group was composed of first-semester students from whom we collected data about their lexicographical competence at the start of the program. The results contain some interesting findings, e.g. students prefer online dictionaries, but the number of students using print dictionaries is comparable and we have also observed the rising number of students who use smartphone applications. The aim of the survey is to provide information for university instructors who teach German as a foreign language (DaF) and lexicography.
In gängigen deutschen Wörterbüchern liegen für diskursrelevante Ausdrücke keine angemessenen Beschreibungsformen vor. Darauf haben bereits Strauß, Haß und Harras (1989: 10) in Brisante Wörter von Agitation bis Zeitgeist hingewiesen. Hierfür gibt es unterschiedliche Ursachen, wie beispielsweise zu sehr in der Tradition verhaftete lexikografische Methoden und Datengrundlagen; es liegt aber auch daran, dass nach wie vor häufig in der deutschen Lexikografie Aspekte des Diskurses für die Bedeutungskonstituierung bei gesellschaftspolitischen Schlüsselwörtern unberücksichtigt bleiben. Die Bedeutung konfliktträchtigen Vokabulars (z. B. Ausdrücke wie Globalisierung, Humankapital, Kollateralschaden) kann aber nicht ohne diskurssemantische Erklärungen beschrieben werden, da es in seinem Gebrauch Zeit-, Kultur und Mentalitätsgeschichte reflektiert und die Sprechergemeinschaft bezüglich ihrer Einstellung zu solchen Ausdrücken spaltet. In diesem Beitrag soll dargestellt werden, welche Rolle die sprachwissenschaftliche Diskursanalyse bei der Bedeutungserfassung spielen kann, und wie unterschiedliche Bewertungen und inhaltliche Thematisierungen seitens der Sprechergemeinschaft beim Gebrauch brisanter Begriffe in der öffentlichen Kommunikation zum Ausdruck kommen. Mithilfe einer konkreten linguistisch-diskursorientierten Untersuchung des Ausdrucks Globalisierung soll die enge Verflechtung von Sprachanalyse mit Zeit- und Kulturgeschichte verdeutlicht werden.