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Post-field syntax and focalization strategies in National Socialist political speech. This paper deals with a syntactic feature of spoken German, i.e. post-field filling, and with its occurrence in one specific discourse type – political speech – throughout one significant period of the history of German language – National Socialism. This paper aims at pointing out the communicative pragmatic function of right dislocation in the NS political speech on the basis of some collected examples.
Der Beitrag behandelt die Frage, inwiefern es sich bei den gegenwärtigen Russlanddeutschen (Erwachsenen und Jugendlichen der ersten Generation, Einwanderungswelle der 1990er Jahre aus Sprachinseln) um Re-Migranten handelt, welche Veränderungen in den Varietätenrepertoires stattfinden und welche Schwierigkeiten und Probleme, aber auch Vorteile sich durch diese spezifische Migrationskonfiguration für die zugewanderten Russlanddeutschen ergeben. Die besondere Situation der Re-Migration mit der spezifischen linguistisch-soziolinguistischen Problematik wird durch Beispiele aus dem aktuellen IDS-Projekt „Migrationslinguistik“ veranschaulicht. Einerseits liegen besondere varietätenlinguistische Konstellationen vor, die bei der russlanddeutschen Migrantenpopulation generationenspezifische Konturen aufweisen. Dadurch entstehen andererseits unikale linguistische Sprachkontaktbedingungen, die die sprachlich-kommunikative Integration und den Erhalt der Migrantensprache Russisch in besonderer Weise beeinflussen können.
This paper investigates the syntactic behaviour of adverbial clauses in contemporary German and Italian. It focuses on three main questions: (i) How many degrees of syntactic integration of adverbial clauses are there to be distinguished by an adequate grammatical description of the two languages? (ii) Which linear and hierarchical positions in the structure of the matrix sentence can be occupied by adverbial clauses? (iii) Which is the empirical distribution of adverbial clauses introduced by the conjunctions als, während, wenn, obwohl and weil in German, as well as quando, mentre, se, sebbene and perché in Italian?
Responding to question (i), a distinction is drawn between strongly integrated, weakly integrated and syntactically disintegrated adverbial clauses. There are further degrees on the gradient of syntactic integration, which are not examined in this paper. Responding to question (ii), eight classes of structural positions in the matrix sentence are identified that can be occupied by adverbial clauses. Five of them are positions of syntactic integration, three are positions of disintegration. Responding to question (iii), the distribution of the ten classes of adverbial clauses is described on the basis of a corpus of internet data. Strongly integrated, weakly integrated and disintegrated adverbial clauses show clearly different distributions within the structure of the matrix sentence. Also the semantic classes of adverbial clauses (temporal, adversative, conditional, concessive, causal) are distributed differently.
In 2010, ISO published a standard for syntactic annotation, ISO 24615:2010 (SynAF). Back then, the document specified a comprehensive reference model for the representation of syntactic annotations, but no accompanying XML serialisation. ISO’s subcommittee on language resource management (ISO TC 37/SC 4) is working on making the SynAF serialisation ISOTiger an additional part of the standard. This contribution addresses the current state of development of ISOTiger, along with a number of open issues on which we are seeking community feedback in order to ensure that ISOTiger becomes a useful extension to the SynAF reference model.
Eine Umschau in jüngeren sprachwissenschaftlichen Arbeiten zeigt einen häufig betonten engen Zusammenhang von Sprache und Identität, vor allem den der eigenen Sprache und der ethnischen Identität. Dass aber Sprache in einem zwei- oder mehrsprachigen Kontext nur eine Ressource einer Identitätskonstruktion sein kann, wird selten herausgestellt. Der nachstehende Aufsatz untersucht als charakteristisches Beispiel einer gelösten Bindung von Sprache und ethnischer Identität die Minderheit der deutschen Aussiedler aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die zweite Generation, bei der ihr Zugehörigkeitsgefühl zur ethnischen Identität als Deutsche trotz der erfolgten Sprachumstellung sich nicht oder selten verändert hat.
This paper describes a first version of an integrated e-dictionary translating possessive constructions from English to Zulu. Zulu possessive constructions are difficult to learn for non-mother tongue speakers. When translating from English into Zulu, a speaker needs to be acquainted with the nominal classification of nouns indicating possession and possessor. Furthermore, (s)he needs to be informed about the morpho-syntactic rules associated with certain combinations of noun classes. Lastly, knowledge of morpho-phonetic changes is also required, because these influence the orthography of the output word forms. Our approach is a novel one in that we combine e-lexicography and natural language processing by developing a (web) interface supporting learners, as well as other users of the dictionary to produce Zulu possessive constructions. The final dictionary that we intend to develop will contain several thousand nouns which users can combine as they wish. It will also translate single words and frequently used multiword expressions, and allow users to test their own translations. On request, information about the morpho-syntactic and morpho-phonetic rules applied by the system are displayed together with the translation. Our approach follows the function theory: the dictionary supports users in text production, at the same time fulfilling a cognitive function.
So far, there have been few descriptions on creating structures capable of storing lexicographic data, ISO 24613:2008 being one of the latest. Another one is by Spohr (2012), who designs a multifunctional lexical resource which is able to store data of different types of dictionaries in a user-oriented way. Technically, his design is based on the principle of a hierarchical XML/OWL (eXtensible Markup Language/Web Ontology Language) representation model. This article follows another route in describing a model based on entities and relations between them; MySQL (usually referred to as: Structured Query Language) describes a database system of tables containing data and definitions of relations between them. The model was developed in the context of the project "Scientific eLexicography for Africa" and the lexicographic database to be built thereof will be implemented with MySQL. The principles of the ISO model and of Spohr's model are adhered to with one major difference in the implementation strategy: we do not place the lemma in the centre of attention, but the sense description — all other elements, including the lemma, depend on the sense description. This article also describes the contained lexicographic data sets and how they have been collected from different sources. As our aim is to compile several prototypical internet dictionaries (a monolingual Northern Sotho dictionary, a bilingual learners' Xhosa–English dictionary and a bilingual Zulu–English dictionary), we describe the necessary microstructural elements for each of them and which principles we adhere to when designing different ways of accessing them. We plan to make the model and the (empty) database with all graphical user interfaces that have been developed, freely available by mid-2015.