Lexicographica : series maior
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163
In the present contribution, I investigate if and how the English and French editions of the Wiktionary collaborative dictionary can be used as a corpus for real time neology watch. This option is envisaged as a stopgap, when no satisfactory corpus is available. Wiktionary can also prove useful in addition to standard corpus analysis, to minimize the risk of overlooking new coinages and new senses. Since the collaborative dictionary’s quest for exhaustiveness makes the manual inspection of the new additions unreasonable (more than 31,000 English lemmas and 11,000 French lemmas entered the nomenclature in 2020), identifying the possibly relevant headwords is an issue. The solution proposed here is to use Wiktionary revision history to detect the (new or existing) entries that received the greatest number of modifications. The underlying hypothesis is that the most heavily edited pages can help identify the vocabulary related to “hot topics”, assuming that, in 2020, the pandemic-related vocabulary ranks high. I used two measures introduced by Lih (2004), whose aim was to estimate the quality of Wikipedia articles: the so-called rigour (number of edits per page) and diversity (number of unique contributors per page). In the present study, I propose to adapt the rigour and diversity metrics to Wiktionary in order to identify the pages that generated a particular stir, rather than to estimate the quality of the articles. I do not subscribe to the idea that – in Wiktionary – more revisions necessarily produce quality articles (more revisions often produce complete articles). I therefore adopt Lih’s notion of diversity to refer to the number of distinct contributors, but leave out the name rigour when it comes to the number of revisions. Wolfer and Müller-Spitzer (2016) used the two metrics to describe the dynamics of the German and English editions of Wiktionary. One of their findings was that the number of edits per page is correlated with corpus word frequencies. The variation in number of page edits should therefore reflect to some extent the variation of corpus word frequencies. Renouf (2013) established a relationship between the fluctuation of word frequencies in a diachronic corpus and various neological processes. In particular, she illustrated how specific events generate sudden frequency spikes for words previously unseen in the corpus. For instance, Eyjafjallajökull, the – existing – name of an Icelandic glacier, appeared in the corpus when the underlying volcano erupted in 2010 and disrupted air traffic in Europe. In order to check if the same phenomenon occurs when using Wiktionary edits instead of corpus frequencies, I manually annotated the most frequently revised entries (according to various ranking scores) with the binary tag: “related to Covid-19” (yes/no). The annotations were then used to test the ability of various configurations to detect relevant headwords from the English and French Wiktionary, namely Covid-19 neologisms and related existing words that deserve updates.
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To leverage the Deaf community’s increasing online presence, the web-based platform NZSL Share was launched in March 2020 to crowdsource new and previously undocumented signs, and to encourage community validation of these signs. The platform allows users to upload sign videos, comment on videos and agree or disagree with (often new) signs being proposed. It is managed by the research team that maintains the ODNZSL, which includes the authors. NZSL Share is being used by individuals as well as Deaf community groups to record and share signs of a specialist nature (e.g., school curriculum signs). NZSL Share now has close to 50 actively contributing members. Its launch coincided with the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak in New Zealand and so some of the first signs contributed were COVID-19-related, which are the focus of this paper.
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This paper arises within the current communication urgency experienced throughout the pandemic. From its onset, several new lexical units have permeated the overall media discourse, as well as social media and other channels. These units convey information to the public regarding the ‘severe acute respiratory syndrome’ namely COVID-19. In addition to its worldwide impact healthwise, the pandemic generates noteworthy influence in the linguistic landscape, and as a result, a significant number of neologisms have emerged. Within the scope of our ongoing research, we identify the neologisms in European Portuguese that are related to the term COVID-19 via form or meaning. However, not all the new lexical units identified in our corpus containing COVID-19 in its formation can unequivocally be regarded as neoterms (terminological neologisms). Accordingly, this article aims not only to reflect on the distinction between neologism and neoterm but also to explore the determinologisation process that several of these new lexical units experience.
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Within the scope of the project "Study and dissemination of COVID-19 terminology", the study reported here aims to detect, analyse and discuss the characteristics of COVID-19 terminology, in particular the role of the adjective novo [new] in this terminology, the high recurrence of terms in the plural and the resemantization of some of the terminological units used. The present paper also discusses how these characteristics influenced the choices that have guided the creation of the proposed dictionary. This paper presents, therefore, the results of the analyses of these aspects, starting with a discussion of the relation between terminology and neology and arriving at the characteristic aspects of the macrostructural and microstructural choices about which some considerations were made.
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While adjusting to the COVID-19 pandemic, people around the world started to talk about the “new normal” way of life, and they conveyed feelings and thoughts on the topic through social networks and traditional communication channels resorting to a set of specific linguistic strategies, such as metaphors and neologisms. The vocabulary in different domains and in everyday speech was expanded to accommodate a complex social, cultural, and professional phenomenon of changes. Therefore, this new life gave birth to a new language – the “coronaspeak”. According to Thorne (2020), the “coronaspeak” has three stages: first, it emerged in the way medical aspects were communicated in everyday language; secondly, it occurred when speakers verbalized the experiences they had undergone and “invented their own terms”; finally, this “new” way of speaking emerged in the government and authorities’ jargon, to ensure that the new rules and policies were understood, and that population adopted socially responsible behaviours.
In this paper, we will focus on the second stage, because we intend to take stock of how speakers communicate and verbalize this new way of living, particularly on social networks, for example. Alongside, we are interested in the context in which the neologism – be it a new word, a new meaning, or a new use – emerged, is used, and understood, through the observation of the occurrence of the new word(s) either on social networks or through dissemination texts (press) to confront it with the ones that Portuguese digital dictionaries have attested so far. Different criteria regarding the insertion of new units, the inclusion date, and the lexicographic description of the entries in the dictionaries will be debated.
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This paper focuses on standardological and lexicographical aspects of Coronavirus-related neologisms in Croatian. The presented results are based on corpus analysis. The initial corpus for this analysis consists of terms collected for the Glossary of Coronavirus. This corpus has been supplemented by terms we collected on the Internet and from the media. The General Croatian corpora: Croatian Web Corpus – hrWaC (cf. Ljubešić/Klubička 2016) and Croatian Language Repository (cf. Brozović Rončević/Ćavar 2008: 173–186) were also used, but since they do not include neologisms that entered the language after 2013, they could be used only to check terms in the language before that time. From October 2021, a specialized Corona corpus compiled by Štrkalj Despot and Ostroški Anić (2021) became publicly available on request. The data from these corpora are analyzed by Sketch Engine (cf. Kilgarriff et al. 2004: 105–116), a corpus query system loaded with the corpora, enabling the display of lexeme context through concordances and (differential) word sketches and the extraction of keywords (terms) and N-grams. The most common collocations are sorted into syntactic categories. For English equivalents, in addition to the sources found on the Internet, enTenTen2020 corpus was consulted. In the second part of the paper, we analyze and compare the presentation of Coronavirus terminology in the descriptive Glossary of Coronavirus and the normative Croatian Web Dictionary – Mrežnik.
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This paper presents the main issues connected with the creation of a trilingual Hungarian-Italian-English dictionary of the COVID-19 pandemic using Lexonomy. My aim is not only to create a coronacorpus (in Hungarian, I propose my own corona-neologism or ‘coroneologism’: koronakorpusz) and a dictionary of equivalents, but also to understand how the different waves and phases of the COVID-19 pandemic are changing the Hungarian language, detect the Corona-, COVID-, pandemic-, virus-, mask-, quarantine-, and vaccine-related neologisms, and offer an overview of the most frequent or linguistically interesting Hungarian neologisms and multiword units related to COVID-19.
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This article has a double objective. First, it seeks to offer an initial approach, with critical notes, to the group of pandemic-related neologisms incorporated into the DLE in the year 2020. To that end, the trends in the academic dictionary’s incorporation of neologisms will be reviewed, focusing in particular on specialized language neologisms. Second, the article presents the design of a research study that allows for the examination of any new words beginning with CORONA- added to the DLE and the DHLE. An assessment will be made of the particularities of the DLE and the DHLE regarding the incorporation of the new words, as well as the degree of correspondence or complementarity between the two works in this sense. This will show the complementary roles that the DLE and the DHLE are currently acquiring. In this sense, the new additions open up a debate on the treatment of neologisms in academic lexicography, in a particularly unique scenario.
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The aim of this work is to describe criteria used in the process of inclusion and treatment of neologisms in dictionaries of Spanish within the framework of pandemic instability. Our starting point will be data obtained by the Antenas Neológicas Network (https://www.upf.edu/web/antenas), whose representation in three different lexicographic tools will be analyzed with the purpose of identifying problems in the methodology used to dictionarize – that is, how and what words were selected to be included in dictionaries and how they were represented in their entries – neologisms during the COVID-19 pandemic (sources and corpora of analysis, selection criteria, types of definition, among other aspects). Two of them are monolingual and COVID-19 lexical units were included as part of their updates: the Antenario, a dictionary of neologisms of Spanish varieties, and the Diccionario de la Lengua Española [DLE], a dictionary of general Spanish, published by the Real Academia Española [RAE], Spanish Royal Academy). The other is a bilingual unidirectional English-Spanish dictionary first published as a glossary, Diccionario de COVID-19 EN-ES [TREMEDICA], entirely made up of neological and non-neological lexical units related to the virus and the pandemic. Thus, the target lexis was either included in existing works or makes up the whole of a new tool located in a portal together with other lexicographic tools. Unlike other collections of COVID-19 vocabulary that kept cropping up as the pandemic unfolded, all three have been designed and written according to well-established lexicographic practices.
Our working hypothesis is that the need to record and define words which were recently created impacts the criteria for inclusion and treatment of neologisms in dictionaries about Spanish, including a certain degree of overlap of some features which are traditionally thought to be specific to each type of dictionary.
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The syntagma gel hidroalcohólico ‘hydroalcoholic gel’ or the noun hidroalcohol ‘hydroalcohol’ cannot be found in Diccionario de la lengua española (DLE) of the Real Academia Española (‘Royal Spanish Academy’) or other general reference dictionaries of the Spanish language. This is so despite the fact that, for well over a year and to this very day, we have not been able to do anything without first sanitising our hands with this product. It is one of the many neologisms that the COVID-19 pandemic has brought us, and these have become commonly used words that dictionaries should consider as candidates for future updates.
By looking at the dictionarisability of these neologisms, in this work we try to set their boundaries on the continuum along which they fall. “Dictionarisability” means, in our context, the greater or lesser interest of these unities regarding the updating of general language dictionaries. At both ends of this continuum, there are surprising nonce words, as well as neologisms that have recently lost their status as such because they have now been incorporated into the dictionary. To identify different groups on the continuum of pandemic neologisms, we take into account the criteria proposed in the current literature and, by so doing, we are able to assess the extent to which they are discriminatory. This will allow us to address the neological process and to reflect on the various stages of it, from the time a neologism is born until the moment it ceases to be one because it has been dictionarised. Before that, however, we present the framework of our study and refer to the mechanisms available for detecting neologisms in general and pandemic neologisms in particular.
163
The present paper examines the usage of 341 COVID-19 neologisms which appeared in South Korea over a span of eighteen months (from December 2019 to May 2021) and were extracted from a corpus composed of COVID-19-related news articles and comments, the COVID-19 Corpus, in order to address the following research questions: 1) How do the 341 COVID-19 neologisms extracted rank in news articles and comments respectively?, 2) What usage trends do neologisms designating the disease and other high-frequency neologisms show in news articles and comments respectively?, 3) What characteristic differences do comments as a non-expert and subjective language resource and news articles as an expert and objective language resource show and what value may each genre add to the lexicographic description of neologisms?
163
Since the beginning of 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic has dominated public discourse and introduced a wealth of words and expressions to the general vocabulary of English and other world languages. The lexical adaptation necessitated by this global health crisis has been unprecedented in speed and scope, and in response, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) has continually revised its coverage, publishing special updates of Covid-19-related words in 2020 outside of its usual quarterly publication cycle. This article describes how OED lexicographers have analysed language corpora and other text databases to monitor the development of pandemic-related words and provide a linguistic and historical context to their usage.
163
Between January 2020 and July 2021, many new words and phrases contributed to the expansion of the German vocabulary to enable communication under the new conditions that evolved during the Covid-19 pandemic. Medical and epidemiological vocabulary was integrated into the general language to a large extent. Suddenly, some lexemes from general language were used with very high frequency, while other words were used less often than before. These processes of language change can be studied in various ways, for example, in corpus linguistics with respect to the frequency or emergence of certain words in certain types of texts (e.g. press releases vs. posts in social media), in critical discourse analysis with respect to certain participants of the discourse (e.g. vocabulary of Covid-19 pandemic deniers), or in conversation analysis (e.g. with respect to new verbal interactions in greetings and farewells). The rapid expansion of vocabulary has notably affected also lexicography as a discipline of applied linguistics.
This article will focus on the ways in which a German neologism dictionary project has chosen to capture and document lexicographic information in a timely manner. Both challenges and advantages arise from lexicographic practice “at the pulse of time”. The Neologismenwörterbuch is presented as an example that lends itself well to such a discussion because its subject (neologisms) is characterized as new, innovative, and constantly changing.
163
This volume of Lexicographica : Series Maior focuses on lexicographic neology and neological lexicography concerning COVID-19 neologisms, featuring papers originally presented at the third Globalex Workshop on Lexicography and Neology (GWLN 2021).
The thirteen papers in this volume focus on ten languages: one Altaic (Korean), one Finno-Ugric (Hungarian), two Germanic (English and German), four Romance (French, Italian, [Brazilian and European] Portuguese and [Pan-American and European] Spanish), and one Slavic (Croatian), as well as the Sign Language of New Zealand. Specialized dictionaries of neologisms are discussed as well as general language ones, monolingual, bilingual and multilingual lexical resources, print and electronic dictionaries. Questions regarding terminology as well as general language and standard and norm regarding COVID-19 neologisms are raised and different methods of detecting candidates in media corpora, as well as by user contributions, are discussed.
163
This volume brings together contributions by international experts reflecting on Covid19-related neologisms and their lexicographic processing and representation. The papers analyze new words, new meanings of existing words, and new multiword units, where they come from, how they are transmitted (or differ) across languages, and how their use and meaning are reflected in dictionaries of all sorts. Recent trends in as many as ten languages are considered, including general and specialized language, monolingual as well as bilingual and printed as well as online dictionaries.
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In this paper, the basic assumptions are presented against the background of the development of a corpus-based method to determine suitable headword candidates for the LeGeDe-prototype (LeGeDe= Lexik des gesprochenen Deutsch), a lexicographical resource on spoken German. In a first quantitatively oriented step, potential one-word headword candidates are identified with the help of frequency class comparisons from a corpus for spoken (FOLK) and a subset from a corpus for written German (DEREKO). Qualitative analyses based on a project-specifically defined sample of data from the FOLK corpus lead to multi-word headword candidates. The results of the qualitative analyses were also compared with the results of studies from the research literature as well as (quantitative-orientated) bi- and trigram analyses. In their multi-word form, these candidates are particularly characterized by the fact that they assume a very special interactional function in the (authentic) interaction and have to be described as a whole unit. The paper explains this combined procedure, which was extracted in the LeGeDe-project for the appointment of headword candidates.
160
The main aim of this contribution is to present the range of lexicographic information from LeGeDe, an electronic prototype for lexical and interactional features of spoken German. The focus lies on the detailed description of the different lexicographical information classes using illustrative examples and figures from the resource. In addition to highlighting the lexicographic microstructure and providing an overview of the outer texts and the multimedia information offer, the contribution also presents detailed background data on the conception of the LeGeDe resource. Innovative aspects and possible applications are outlined and forward-looking desiderata are offered.
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In dem folgenden Beitrag wird eine sprachunabhängige Basis entwickelt zur Beschreibung von Sprechaktverben für jede beliebige Sprache. Die Tragfähigkeit dieser Basis wird an zwei Beispielen verdeutlicht: einmal an der Demonstration von Lexikalisierungstendenzen für das Deutsche und zum andern an der Kontrastierung der Strukuren des deutschen und des englischen Wortfelds für “lügen”.
152
The following article gives an overview on common evaluation methods that are used in reviews of bilingual dictionaries published in learned journals. Based on a corpus containing 50 reviews of printed general bilingual dictionaries for textrelated purposes with German, English or French as one of the languages, this case study is aimed at drawing a list of requirements for writing such reviews. A critical analysis of the text corpus shows which features of the reviewed dictionaries are evaluated and in which way this evaluation happens. The resulting list of requirements presents some of the principles for writing reviews of bilingual dictionaries and recommends appropriate evaluation methods for future reviews.
34
In this article the treatment of the first two volumes of the Grimms' Deutsches Wörterbuch, i.e. volume I (A - Affrikata: revised by the Berlin working group) and volume VI (D: revised by the Göttingen group) are compared.
Section 1 of the article outlines the genesis of the revision of volumes I and VI.
Section 2 summarizes the theoretical concept of the revised edition and its translation into the structure of the dictionary entries. The conceptual principles which were laid down for both groups, i.e. Berlin and Göttingen, as largely binding are briefly outlined. It becomes apparent that especially as far as the delineation of the historical changes in the meaning of the words is concerned, the lexicographical revision is based on the just slightly modified concept of the last working phase of the DWB (=Grimms' German Dictionary) between 1930 and 1960. The macro- and micro-structural differences between the revised edition and its predecessor are outlined.
Section 3, analyzing selected articles on the basis of the common lexicographical denominator sketched in Section 2, details the differences in lexicographical treatment between the two groups.
In Section 4 the most important results of this selective analysis are summarized and evaluated. Some more general problems of historical lexicography are shortly mentioned in the process.
34
The following is based on the idea that the function and presentation especially of quoted examples in the DWB as in lexicography in general is in large part determined by traditional lexicographic and non-lexicographic concepts of "example". This requires a methodological approach which is diachronic and hermeneutic instead of an approach which is synchronic and typological, therefore it seems not to be appropriate to base the analysis of the role and function of DWB examples on a typology (of examples) which was created for some modern dictionaries.
At first I present the history of five "functional aspects" of examples, then I show how each aspect was treated by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm during the planning of their dictionary. The first functional aspect was taken from the imitatio tradition which has been practiced at least since renaissance dictionaries. The second appears to have conceptual connexion with the (new)platonic image ("Urbild") which is inherent in utterances as well as in all objects of the material world. The third aspect concerning the illustratio tradition was developed by the enlightenment philosophy and it is the only one which was rejected by the Grimms, but became more and more the leading idea behind lexicographic practice in later periods of the DWB. The fourth aspect concerns examples as quotations to support (to prove) the statements made by the word explanations. It traditionally refers to philological principles and dominated esp. the second period of the DWB. According to the fifth functional aspect quotations are the basic material for semantic analysis before becoming examples. This aspect was more or less ignored, but it caused some of the main methodological problems in handling the enormous material after 1912.
I then show how Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm's original concept was partially retained and partially changed by later lexicographers, and how in practical work the more or less theoretical, idealistic concepts were transformed and reduced to two main functions: show and prove. Finally some light is shed on the reception of the examples in the DWB, i.e. the way readers have used them and how they can be used today.
107
In diesem Beitrag werden erste Erfahrungen mit und Überlegungen zu der Aufgabe dargelegt, ein Mikrostrukturenprogramm für ein Hypertext-Wörterbuch zu entwerfen. Zur Hypertextualisierung gedruckter Wörterbücher gibt es inzwischen erste Veröffentlichungen; meist bleibt hier die Bindung an eine gedruckte Vorlage, und sei die Hypertextualisierung noch so konsequent, bestehen. Im Unterschied zu solchen Hypertext-Wörterbüchern gehen nachfolgende Überlegungen von einem vorlagenunabhängigen Hypertext aus, dessen allgemeines Ziel es ist, Informationen zum deutschen Wortschatz zu vermitteln. Die hier vorgestellten Erfahrungen und Überlegungen sind an ein konkretes Projekt gebunden: LEKSIS - das lexikalisch-lexikologische Informationssystem des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim. Auf eine (weitere) Projektbeschreibung wird hier aber verzichtet; sie findet sich in Fraas/Haß-Zumkehr (1999), ferner auf der Homepage unter http://www.ids-mannheim.de/wiw. Vor dem Hintergrund dieses Projektes stehen die Bedingungen bzw. lexikografischen Konsequenzen des Mediums Hypertext im Unterschied zum Druck zur Diskussion.
70
Bislang hat die mit dem Aufbau von Lexika für Sprachverarbeitungssysteme befaßte Computerlexikographie metalexikographische Forschungsergebnisse nur wenig zur Kenntnis genommen. Die theoriegeleitete Erforschung der Bauteile und Strukturen von Wörterbuchtexten ist jedoch eine wichtige Voraussetzung dafür, daß Wörterbücher in Wörterbuchdatenbanken überführt werden können, die als Datengrundlage sowohl beim Aufbau von Lexika für die maschinelle Sprachverarbeitung als auch beim Aufbau von Hypertext-Wörterbüchem für menschliche Benutzer herangezogen werden. Der vorliegende Artikel versteht sich als Plädoyer für die Relevanz metalexikographischer Forschungsergebnisse für die computerlexikographische Praxis. Zunächst werden die Forschungsbereiche Computerlexikographie und computerunterstützte Lexikographie gegeneinander abgegrenzt; dann wird deren Verhältnis zur lexikographischen Praxis einerseits und zur Metalexikographie andererseits skizziert. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit zeigt am Beispiel des sog. Wörterbuchparsings, wie metalexikographische Methoden und Forschungsergebnisse in der computerlinguistischen Praxis umgesetzt werden können.
152
This survey describes the practice of dictionary criticism in German philological periodicals. It focuses on reviews of general dictionaries of contemporary German as well as of historical dictionaries of German. Our results show that only a few reference works are reviewed by only a small group of reviewers, and different volumes of dictionaries are not necessarily reviewed systematically. On the criteria for the selection of the reviewed dictionaries one can only speculate. All in all, this rather unsystematic review practice can be interpreted as a disregard of the work of lexicographers, as a neglect of the interests of potential dictionary users, and as a sad disinterest of philologists in lexicographic work.
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Ungeachtet der seit einem Jahrzehnt florierenden wissenschaftlichen Beschäftigung mit Problemen der Lexikographie, für die dieses Symposium ein weiteres Zeugnis ist, sind Auskünfte und Berichte über konkrete Wörterbuchpläne noch immer selten. Dabei sind solcherart Informationen nicht nur von ganz natürlichem Interesse für alle praktisch oder/und theoretisch mit dem Gegenstand Wörterbuch Befassten, sondern es bietet sich auch - besonders, wenn sie auf Diskussionsforen wie diesem vorgestellt werden - die einzigartige Möglichkeit der Rückkopplung noch vor Beginn der eigentlichen Erarbeitung bzw. in deren Anfangsphase. Dadurch, daß die zurückkommenden kritischen Bemerkungen und sonstigen Anregungen in die abschließenden Überlegungen zum betreffenden Wörterbuchplan einbezogen werden, kann sich das frühzeitige Offenlegen des Planes vor einem kompetenten Publikum durchaus auch für das Projekt selbst als nützlich erweisen.
Mit diesem doppelten Ziel - Informationsvermittlung und entsprechendes Feedback - wollen wir im Folgenden skizzenhaft den Plan eines Wörterbuches vorstellen, das in den nächsten Jahren am Zentralinstitut für Sprachwissenschaft der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR erarbeitet werden wird. Dem Thema des Beitrages entsprechend werden drei Schwerpunkte gesetzt:
1. werden der Charakter und die spezifische Funktion des geplanten Wörterbuches Umrissen, 2. sollen die daraus erwachsenden Grundsätze seiner inhaltlichen Gestaltung und 3- schließlich solche der formal-lexikographischen Umsetzung erläutert werden; zur Illustration dienen Musterartikel zur Wortfamilie Disko (4.).