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Pseudoclefts in Hungarian
(2013)
Based on novel data from Hungarian, this paper makes the case that in at least some languages specificational pseudocleft sentences must receive a ‘what-you- see-is-what-you-get’ syntactic analysis. More specifically, it is argued that the clefted constituent is the subject of predication (underlyingly base-generated in Spec, Pr), whereas the cleft clause acts as a predicate in the structure. Alongside connectivity effects characteristic of specificational pseudoclefts, we also discuss a range of anti-connectivity effects, which we show to receive a straightforward explanation under the proposed analysis. It follows that attested connectivity effects, in turn, require a semantic, rather than a syntactic account, along the lines of Jacobson (1994) and Sharvit (1999).
This paper explores the syntax of agreement in Insular Scandinavian in copular clauses with two potential goals for agreement. Data from three production experiments - one in Faroese and two in Icelandic - establish several new facts. First, in both languages agreement with the second nominal (DP2) is possible/preferred. Second, there is considerable variation (both within and between languages, and indeed speakers) in the patterns observed. Third, Icelandic shows a surprising pattern of “partial” agreement with DP2 - agreement in number but not person. We discuss the implications for current theorising about agreement, proposing that in these languages, at least, agreement is downwards, and that the available agreement options depend in part on the syntactic position of DPI when agreement is established.
In Spoken Egyptian, the form of a linguistic sign is restricted by rules of root structure and consonant compatibility as well as word-formation patterns. Hieroglyphic Egyptian, however, displays additional principles of sign formation. Iconicity is one of the crucial features of a part of its sign inventory. In this article, hieroglyphic iconicity will be investigated by means of a preliminary comparative typology originally developed for German Sign Language (Kutscher 2010). The authors argue that patterns found in Egyptian hieroglyphic sign formation are systematically comparable to patterns of German Sign Language (DGS). These patterns determine what types of lexical meaning can be inferred from iconic linguistic signs.
There has been a long tradition of discussing the advantages and disadvantages of using foreign words in the German language. In the first part of this paper, an historical example of this discussion will be presented. It shows that at the end of the 18th century a highly differentiated approach to this question had been developed. The type of functional reasoning applied there could also be useful for the present discussion about the influence of English on the German language. A functional interpretation of the use of indigenous and foreign words respectively in a language like German unavoidably leads to the conclusion that the use of elements of foreign origin is an integral part of what it means to be a modem European language. Of course languages differ in the wavs in which they technically deal with this fact. To document the fact that the integration of the European tradition o f mutual cultural and linguistic contact is a characteristic feature of European languages, and that different languages deal with this in technically different ways, the second part o f this article compares a German non-fictional text with its counterparts in seven other European languages.
Einleitung
(1986)
This article deals with the classification of German language islands and similar phenomena. It describes the existing types and presents criteria how to differentiate between them. Furthermore, it gives an insight into the historical and sociological reasons why these language islands came into existence and shows and explains changes they have undergone since then.