491 Ostindoeuropäische und keltische Sprachen
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This paper deals with morphosyntactic and semantic characteristics of the spatial case called motative in the Ardeşen-variety of Laz. The motative can be used to mark the ground-nominal in allative as well as in ablative spatial expressions, while the ground-nominal in static spatial expressions is unmarked for case. Hence, the motative case shows a conflation of the allative with ablative spatial semantics, while at the same time excluding locative spatial meaning. Given that this kind of syncretism has been claimed to be non-existent, the findings for Ardeşen-Laz are of special relevance for the refinement of the typology on spatial case-systems.
Laz, a sister language of Georgian spoken on the southeastem coast of the Black Sea, is the only member of the South Caucasian family which is spoken primarily in Turkey. Due to the socio-political circumstances all Speakers of Laz living in Turkey are bilingual and use Laz primarily in private communication. Using these observations as a starting point, the paper looks at the question of whether Laz is an endangered language. In order to clarify the sociolinguistic Situation of Laz in Turkey, the different levels involved in the process of gradual language loss (language-extemal factors, speech behaviour and structural consequences within the language system) are dealt with in detail. To determine which data should be taken as basis for the documentation of the language, the paper also discusses linguistic criteria for differentiating between fully competent Speakers of Laz and Speakers who show signs of language attrition.
Sprachpflege per Gesetz
(2001)
Sprachkritiker in Deutschland blicken gern nach Frankreich, wenn sie nach Vorbildern für staatlich organisierte oder verordnete Sprachpflege suchen. Weniger bekannt ist, dass es bei unseren östlichen Nachbarn ähnliche staatliche Sprachvorschriften gibt. Am 22. Juli 1999 verabschiedete der Sejm (polnisches Parlament) das Gesetz über die polnische Sprache. Nach der üblichen Prozedur wurde sein Text der höheren Parlamentskammer, dem Senat, überreicht. Der Senat führte zahlreiche Ergänzungen und Korrekturen der Gesetzesvorlage ein. Die Endfassung bekam den Titel »Gesetz vom 7. Oktober 1999 über die polnische Sprache« und ist im Wortlaut im polnischen Gesetzbuch (»Dziennik Ustaw«) von 1999, Nr. 90, Position 999 zu finden.
This paper gives an overview of the means of expression which are used in descriptions of spatial scenes in Laz. With motion verbs, Laz uses the satellite-framed strategy with motion-manner conflation in the verbal root. Path information is given in preverbal satellites. With respect to locative expressions it belongs to the multi-verb-type languages. Hence, considering the lexical properties of the verb roots, Laz is a rather ordinary language. However, with respect to the semantics of its spatial case system and the semantics of the satellites, i.e. its system of spatial preverbs, it will be shown that Laz is typologically rather unusual.
The article deals with morphosyntactic, semantic, and prosodic characteristics of depictive secondary predication in Laz. We show that Laz adjunct expressions generally cannot be divided into depictive and adverbial constructions on the basis of their morphosyntactic properties. We also deal with some prosodic characteristics of adjuncts expressing manner and state, and discuss to what extent depictive expressions may be delimited from manner adverbials on the grounds of intonational patterns.
This article aims to show that it is only by comparing different multilingual communities that a typologically relevant description of such communities is made possible. An example (Brix, 1982) is presented to demonstrate that a usable description of such regions is implicitly based on comparison and what factors are important in this respect. It is shown that only a model of variables which can comprise the analogous traits of the situations as well as the differences between them enables an adequate comparison to be made. The examples of the Croats in the Burgenland and of the Slovenes in Carinthia show what the consequences for the description of the situations are and what difficulties arise with such a description. The domains of the semi-official use of language are examined to find out what parallels and differences in the factors which are used for the description of multilingual communities (e.g. economic situation, legislation, historical development, sociolinguistic situation) can be related the peculiarities of language use in the two situations. In this way typological similarities and certain idiosyncratic characteristics of the two regions can be understood.
Nomen und nominales Syntagma
(1995)
In this article, we discuss the meaning and use of positional verbs in the South-Caucasian language Laz. Positional verbs are defined as those verbs which — in combination with one of several locational verbal prefixes (preverbs) — may appear in the basic construction that functions as an answer to a “where” question, the so-called basic locative construction (BLC). Within this class of verbs, we pay particular attention to those positionals which are used regularly in our data to describe the configuration of inanimate movable objects. Laz is shown to be a multiverb language, i.e., a language that uses a comparatively large set of verbs in the BLC. The fourteen verbs in question are PRV-dgun ‘stand’, PRV-ren ‘stand’, PRV-zun ‘lie’, PRV-xen ‘sit, stay’, PRV-bɣun ‘be located as mass’, PRV-mpiy ‘be spread’, PRV-sun ‘be smeared’, PRV-tun ‘cover’, PRV-bun ‘hang’, PRV-nʒoy ‘stick, be stuck’, PRV-n un ‘be dipped’, PRV- abun ‘stick to, be sticky’, PRV- orun ‘be bound’, PRV-gzun ‘burn’. The semantics and the use of these verbs are described in some detail including nontypical configurations, which trigger variation among speakers due to alternative categorizations and prototype effects.
Das Muťafi-Lazische
(1995)
Das vorliegende Arbeitspapier ist im Rahmen einer zweisemestrigen Übung "Feldforschung" unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Sasse entstanden. Diese Veranstaltung hatte zunächst das Ziel, Studenten der Allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft die Methodik der Feldforschung nahe zu bringen. Im Laufe des Kurses entstand die Absicht, die elizitierten Daten einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit zur Verfügung zu stellen. In dieser Publikation liegen nun zu den Teilbereichen Phonologie, Morphologie und Syntax erste Untersuchungen vor, denen eine kurze Darstellung zur Geschichte und Kultur der Lazen vorangeht. Als letztes Kapitel folgt eine Zusammenstellung der elizitierten Texte. Bei der Analyse des Verbalsystems ergaben sich unüberwindliche Kontroversen in bezug auf die Numerus- und Personenkodierung, so daß beide unterschiedlichen Analysen in diesem Band werden und damit zur Diskussion stehen.