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Adnominale Possessiva - wie sein (Fahrrad) gegenüber selbstständigem seines - stehen in paradigmatischer Opposition zu attributiven Nominalphrasen wie Evas (Fahrrad), (das Fahrrad) der kleinen Schwester. Im Deutschen handelt es sich dabei in der Regel um (einen bestimmten Subtyp der) Genitivphrasen, in anderen europäischen Sprachen häufig um Präpositionalphrasen. In der Sprachtypologie wird unter funktionaler Perspektive von 'Possessorphrasen' gesprochen, wobei ein weiter Begriff von 'Zugehörigkeit' bzw. 'referenzieller Verankerung' zugrunde zu legen ist. Verglichen mit den Possessiva der Kontrastsprachen Englisch, Französisch, Polnisch und Ungarisch gilt für das Deutsche: Im Unterschied zu den affixalen Possessiva des Ungarischen sind die Possessiva des Deutschen wie die der übrigen Kontrastsprachen freie Formen; dies entspricht der 'dependensmarkierenden' Strategie dieser Sprachen gegenüber dem 'kopfmarkierenden' Ungarischen. Im Unterschied zum Polnischen wird Reflexivität bei den deutschen Possessiva nicht berücksichtigt. Bei den Possessiva der dritten Person hat das Deutsche das vergleichsweise komplexeste System: Sie richten sich im Stamm nach dem Genus und Numerus des Antezedens, also des Posssessor-Ausdrucks (sein- versus ihr-) und in der Flexionsendung nach Kasus, Genus und Numerus des Possessum Ausdrucks; adnominal ist dies der substantivische Kopf. In den Kontrastsprachen orientieren sich diese Possessiva entweder nur am Antezedens (Englisch, Polnisch: non-reflexive Possessiva, Ungarisch) oder primär am Kopf-Substantiv, wie im Französischen oder beim reflexiven Possessivum des Polnischen.
Indefinitpronomina im weiteren Sinne sind eine Sammelklasse für alle Pronomina, die nicht auf bestimmte, eindeutig identifizierbare Gegenstände der Welt orientiert sind, also Interrogativa (wer, was), Indefinita im engeren Sinne (jemand, etwas, niemand, nichts) und Quantifikativa (alle, jeder, einige). Der interlinguale Vergleich zeigt hier Gemeinsamkeiten über die Klassen hinweg wie eine konzeptuelle Sortierung in "Person" und "Nicht-Personales", die Repräsentation der Individuativ Kontinuativ- Unterscheidung sowie die Berücksichtigung von Partitivität und Distributivität.
Dictionaries have been part and parcel of literate societies for many centuries. They assist in communication, particularly across different languages, to aid in understanding, creating, and translating texts. Communication problems arise whenever a native speaker of one language comes into contact with a speaker of another language. At the same time, English has established itself as a lingua franca of international communication. This marked tendency gives lexicography of English a particular significance, as English dictionaries are used intensively and extensively by huge numbers of people worldwide.
This paper investigates evidence for linguistic coherence in new urban dialects that evolved in multiethnic and multilingual urban neighbourhoods. We propose a view of coherence as an interpretation of empirical observations rather than something that would be ‘‘out there in the data’’, and argue that this interpretation should be based on evidence of systematic links between linguistic phenomena, as established by patterns of covariation between phenomena that can be shown to be related at linguistic levels. In a case study, we present results from qualitative and quantitative analyses for a set of phenomena that have been described for Kiezdeutsch, a new dialect from multilingual urban Germany. Qualitative analyses point to linguistic relationships between different phenomena and between pragmatic and linguistic levels. Quantitative analyses, based on corpus data from KiDKo (www.kiezdeutschkorpus.de), point to systematic advantages for the Kiezdeutsch data from a multiethnic and multilingual context provided by the main corpus (KiDKo/Mu), compared to complementary corpus data from a mostly monoethnic and monolingual (German) context (KiDKo/Mo). Taken together, this indicates patterns of covariation that support an interpretation of coherence for this new dialect: our findings point to an interconnected linguistic system, rather than to a mere accumulation of individual features. In addition to this internal coherence, the data also points to external coherence: Kiezdeutsch is not disconnected on the outside either, but fully integrated within the general domain of German, an integration that defies a distinction of ‘‘autochthonous’’ and ‘‘allochthonous’’ German, not only at the level of speakers, but also at the level of linguistic systems.
Validating the Performativity Hypothesis to Neg-Raising using corpus data: Evidence from Polish
(2021)
Inspired by GWLN 3, we take a look at the new words, meanings, and expressions that have been created during or promoted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic provides a rare opportunity to follow the rise, spread, and integration of words and expressions in a language that may serve as an illustration of how linguistic innovation in general works. Relevant words were selected from various lists, notably monthly and annual lists of prominent words attested in the corpus of The Danish Dictionary. Analysis of these lists gives an insight into the number of words that stand out month by month and what kinds of words are involved, both in terms of morphological type and of semantic category, with special attention given to neologisms. Finally, we discuss the criteria for selecting which words to include in the dictionary. With this study, Danish is added to the list of languages covered in the GWLN series on
COVID-19 neologisms.
The paper presents the results of a survey on lexicographic practices and lexicographers’ needs across Europe that was conducted in the context of the Horizon 2020 project European Lexicographic Infrastructure (ELEXIS) among the observer institutions of the project. The survey is a revised and upgraded version of the survey which was originally conducted among ELEXIS lexicographic partner institutions in 2018 (Kallas et al. 2019a). The main goal of this new survey was to complement the data from the ELEXIS lexicographic partner institutions in order to get a more complete picture of lexicographic practices both for born-digital and retro-digitised resources in Europe. The results offer a detailed insight into many aspects of the lexicographic process at European institutions, such as funding, training, staff, lexicographic expertise, software and tools. In addition, the survey reflects on current trends in lexicography and reveals what institutions see as the most important emerging trends that will affect lexicography in the short-term and long-term future. Overall, the results provide valuable input informing the development of tools, resources, guidelines and training materials within ELEXIS.
In the etymological information for a word in a dictionary, the first question to be answered is whether the word is a borrowing or the result of word formation. Here, we consider this question for internationalisms ending in -ation in German and in -ácia in Slovak. In German, -ation is a suffix that attaches to verbs in -ieren. For these verbs, it is in competition with -ung. In Slovak, -ácia is a suffix that attaches to bases of Latin or Greek origin. The corresponding verbs are often backformations. Most Slovak verbs also have a nominalization in -nie. In order to investigate to what extent the nouns in -ation or -ácia are borrowings or derived from the corresponding verbs in German and Slovak, we took a random sample of English nouns in -ation for which OED gives a corresponding verb. For this sample, we checked whether the cognate noun in -ation or -ácia is attested in standard dictionaries and in corpora. Then we did the same for the corresponding verbs and the nouns in -ung or -nie. Finally, we checked the frequency of these words in DeReKo for German and SNK for Slovak. On this basis, we found evidence that -ation in German has a slightly different status to -ácia in Slovak. This status affects the relationship to the corresponding verbs and to the nouns in -ung or -nie. Such generalizations are important as background information for specifying etymological information in dictionaries, especially for languages where first attestations dates are not readily available.
The public as linguistic authority: Why users turn to internet forums to differentiate between words
(2022)
This paper addresses the question of why we face unsatisfactory German dictionary entries when looking up and comparing two similar lexical terms that are loan words, new words, (near)-synonyms, or confusables. It explains how users are aware of existing reference works but still search or post on language forums, often after consulting a dictionary and experiencing a range of dictionary-based problems. Firstly, these dictionary-based difficulties will be scrutinised in more detail with respect to content, function, presentation, and the language of definitions. Entries documenting loan words and commonly confused pairs from different lexical reference resources serve as examples to show the shortcomings. Secondly, I will explain why learning about your target group involves studying discussion forums. Forums are a valuable source for detailed user studies, enabling the examination of different communicative needs, concrete linguistic questions, speakers’ intuitions, and people’s reactions to posts and comments. Thirdly, with the help of two examples I will describe how the study of chats and forums had a major impact on the development of a recently compiled German dictionary of confusables. Finally, that same problem-solving approach is applied to the idea of a future dictionary of neologisms and their synonyms.