410 Linguistik
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This article presents a revised version of GAT, a transcription system first devel-oped by a group of German conversation analysts and interactional linguists in 1998. GAT tries to follow as many principles and conventions as possible of the Jefferson-style transcription used in Conversation Analysis, yet proposes some conventions which are more compatible with linguistic and phonetic analyses of spoken language, especially for the representation of prosody in talk-in-interaction. After ten years of use by researchers in conversation and discourse analysis, the original GAT has been revised, against the background of past experience and in light of new necessities for the transcription of corpora arising from technologi-cal advances and methodological developments over recent years. The present text makes GAT accessible for the English-speaking community. It presents the GAT 2 transcription system with all its conventions and gives detailed instructions on how to transcribe spoken interaction at three levels of delicacy: minimal, basic and fine. In addition, it briefly introduces some tools that may be helpful for the user: the German online tutorial GAT-TO and the transcription editing software FOLKER.
Die Kausalkonjunktionen denn, weil, da im Deutschen und perché, poiché, siccome im Italienischen
(2011)
Gegenstand des vorliegenden Aufsatzes sind die deutschen Kausalkonjunktionen denn, weil und da und ihre (partiellen) italienischen Äquivalente perché, poiché und siccome. Sie werden vergleichend in syntaktischer und semantischer Hinsicht untersucht, mit dem Ziel, Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen ihnen aufzuweisen.
Relationale Adjektive, also Adjektive, die aus Substantiven abgeleitet werden und die in attributiver Konstruktion mit einem Kopfsubstantiv eine unspezifische Relation zwischen dem Begriff des Kopfs und dem Begriff der Basis ausdrücken, spielen in den klassischen Sprachen eine bedeutende Rolle. Ausgehend von der silvestris musa, der Waldmuse des Vergil, wird in dem vorliegenden Beitrag den Nachwirkungen dieses Musters in europäischen Sprachen, dem Französischen, Englischen, vor allem aber im Deutschen nachgegangen. Die semantische Funktion solcher Adjektive wird der funktionalen Domäne ‚klassifikatorische Modifikation‘ zugeordnet. Sprachübergreifende Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede werden herausgearbeitet. In knapper Form werden auch relationale Adjektive im Polnischen und Ungarischen, den weiteren Vergleichssprachen des Projekts „Grammatik des Deutschen im europäischen Vergleich“, einbezogen. Die Frage nach dem Verhältnis von universalen, sprachfamiliären, arealen und sprachspezifischen Eigenschaften des Konstruktionsmusters sowie nach dem Grad des lateinischen Einflusses wird auf diesem Hintergrund präziser formulierbar.
Theories of lexical decomposition assume that lexical meanings are complex. This complexity is expressed in structured meaning representations that usually consist of predicates, arguments, operators, and other elements of propositional and predicate logic. Lexical decomposition has been used to explain phenomena such as argument linking, selectional restrictions, lexical-semantic relations, scope ambiguites, and the inference behavior of lexical items. The article sketches the early theoretical development from nounoriented semantic feature theories to verb-oriented complex decompositions. It also deals with a number of theoretical issues, including the controversy between decompositional and atomistic approaches to meaning, the search for semantic primitives, the function of decompositions as defi nitions, problems concerning the interpretability of decompositions, and the debate about the cognitive status of decompositions.
Psychological research has emphasized the importance of narrative for a person’s sense of self. Building a coherent narrative of past events is one objective of psychotherapy. However, in guided self-help therapy the patient has to develop this narrative autonomously. Identifying patients’ narrative skills in relation to psychological distress could provide useful information about their suitability for self-help. The aim of this study was to explore whether the syntactic integration of clauses into narrative in texts written by prospective psychotherapy patients was related to mild to moderate psychological distress. Cross-clausal syntax of texts by 97 people who had contacted a primary care mental health service was analyzed. Severity of symptoms associated with mental health difficulties was assessed by a standardized scale (Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation outcome measure). Cross-clausal syntactic integration was negatively correlated with the severity of symptoms. A multiple regression analysis confirmed that the use of simple sentences, finite complement clauses, and coordinated clauses was associated with symptoms (R2 = .26). The results suggest that the analysis of cross-clausal syntax can provide information on patients’ narrative skills in relation to distressing events and can therefore provide additional information to support treatment decisions.