Psycholinguistik / Kognitive Linguistik
Refine
Year of publication
- 2017 (12) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (6)
- Conference Proceeding (4)
- Part of a Book (2)
Has Fulltext
- yes (12)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (12)
Keywords
- Experimentelle Psychologie (5)
- Augenfolgebewegung (4)
- Blickbewegung (4)
- Deutsch (3)
- Sakkade (3)
- Soziale Wahrnehmung (3)
- Akzent (2)
- Erwartung (2)
- Ethnizität (2)
- Grammatik (2)
Publicationstate
- Veröffentlichungsversion (7)
- Postprint (3)
- Zweitveröffentlichung (3)
Reviewstate
- Peer-Review (10)
- (Verlags)-Lektorat (2)
Publisher
- de Gruyter (2)
- Elsevier (1)
- Frontiers Media S.A. (1)
- Hogrefe (1)
- Oxford University Press (1)
- Wiley (1)
Basic grammatical categories may carry social meanings irrespective of their semantic content. In a set of four studies, we demonstrate that verbs—a basic linguistic category present and distinguishable in most languages—are related to the perception of agency, a fundamental dimension of social perception. In an archival analysis of actual language use in Polish and German, we found that targets stereotypically associated with high agency (men and young people) are presented in the immediate neighborhood of a verb more often than non-agentic social targets (women and older people). Moreover, in three experiments using a pseudo-word paradigm, verbs (but not adjectives and nouns) were consistently associated with agency (but not with communion). These results provide consistent evidence that verbs, as grammatical vehicles of action, are linguistic markers of agency. In demonstrating meta-semantic effects of language, these studies corroborate the view of language as a social tool and an integral part of social perception.
In conversation, turn-taking is usually fluid, with next speakers taking their turn right after the end of the previous turn. Most, but not all, previous studies show that next speakers start to plan their turn early, if possible already during the incoming turn. The present study makes use of the list-completion paradigm (Barthel et al., 2016), analyzing speech onset latencies and eye-movements of participants in a task-oriented dialogue with a confederate. The measures are used to disentangle the contributions to the timing of turn-taking of early planning of content on the one hand and initiation of articulation as a reaction to the upcoming turn-end on the other hand. Participants named objects visible on their computer screen in response to utterances that did, or did not, contain lexical and prosodic cues to the end of the incoming turn. In the presence of an early lexical cue, participants showed earlier gaze shifts toward the target objects and responded faster than in its absence, whereas the presence of a late intonational cue only led to faster response times and did not affect the timing of participants' eye movements. The results show that with a combination of eye-movement and turn-transition time measures it is possible to tease apart the effects of early planning and response initiation on turn timing. They are consistent with models of turn-taking that assume that next speakers (a) start planning their response as soon as the incoming turn's message can be understood and (b) monitor the incoming turn for cues to turn-completion so as to initiate their response when turn-transition becomes relevant.
Telicity and agentivity are semantic factors that split intransitive verbs into (at least two) different classes. Clear-cut unergative verbs, which select the auxiliary HAVE, are assumed to be atelic and agent-selecting; unequivocally unaccusative verbs, which select the auxiliary BE, are analyzed as telic and patient-selecting. Thus, agentivity and telicity are assumed to be inversely correlated in split intransitivity. We will present semantic and experimental evidence from German and Mandarin Chinese that casts doubts on this widely held assumption. The focus of our experimental investigation lies on variation with respect to agentivity (specifically motion control, manipulated via animacy), telicity (tested via a locative vs. goal adverbial), and BE/HAVE-selection with semantically flexible intransitive verbs of motion. Our experimental methods are acceptability ratings for German and Chinese (Experiments 1 and 2) and event-related potential (ERP) measures for German (Experiment 3). Our findings contradict the above-mentioned assumption that agentivity and telicity are generally inversely correlated and suggest that for the verbs under study, agentivity and telicity harmonize with each other. Furthermore, the ERP measures reveal that the impact of the interaction under discussion is more pronounced on the verb lexeme than on the auxiliary. We also found differences between Chinese and German that relate to the influence of telicity on BE/HAVE-selection. They seem to confirm the claim in previous research that the weight of the telicity factor locomotion (or internal motion) is cross-linguistically variable.
We present an event-related potentials (ERP) study that addresses the question of how pieces of information pertaining to semantic roles and event structure interact with each other and with the verb’s meaning. Specifically, our study investigates German verb-final clauses with verbs of motion such as fliegen ‘fly’ and schweben ‘float, hover,’ which are indeterminate with respect to agentivity and event structure. Agentivity was tested by manipulating the animacy of the subject noun phrase and event structure by selecting a goal adverbial, which makes the event telic, or a locative adverbial, which leads to an atelic reading. On the clause-initial subject, inanimates evoked an N400 effect vis-à-vis animates. On the adverbial phrase in the atelic (locative) condition, inanimates showed an N400 in comparison to animates. The telic (goal) condition exhibited a similar amplitude like the inanimate-atelic condition. Finally, at the verbal lexeme, the inanimate condition elicited an N400 effect against the animate condition in the telic (goal) contexts. In the atelic (locative) condition, items with animates evoked an N400 effect compared to inanimates. The combined set of findings suggest that clause-initial animacy is not sufficient for agent identification in German, which seems to be completed only at the verbal lexeme in our experiment. Here non-agents (inanimates) changing their location in a goal-directed way and agents (animates) lacking this property are dispreferred and this challenges the assumption that change of (locational) state is generally a defining characteristic of the patient role. Besides this main finding that sheds new light on role prototypicality, our data seem to indicate effects that, in our view, are related to complexity, i.e., minimality. Inanimate subjects or goal arguments increase processing costs since they have role or event structure restrictions that animate subjects or locative modifiers lack.
Interindividuelle Unterschiede bei der Verarbeitung sprachlicher Strukturen haben bei experimentellen Untersuchungen zur Sprachverarbeitung mittels neurobasierter Verfahren lange Zeit keine oder bestenfalls eine untergeordnete Rolle gespielt. Während individuelle Verarbeitungsstrategien in Abhängigkeit von experimentellen Faktoren (z.B. Aufgabenstellung) relativ gut belegt sind (z.B. probandenspezifisches strategisches Verhalten bei der Verarbeitung von semantischen Relationen; Roehm et al. 2007), wurde der Einfluss von Variation in der Grammatik des Standarddeutschen in Korrelation zu Hirnprozessen bisher kaum berücksichtigt. In diesem Beitrag werde ich auf der Basis dreier EEG-Experimente aus unterschiedlichen Bereichen (Synästhesie, semantische Relationen, Auxiliarselektion bei intransitiven Verben) Beispiele für Verarbeitungskorrelate interindividueller Variation vorstellen und diskutieren.
In diesem Beitrag werden nach einer kurzen methodischen Vorstellung der Elektroenzephalographie und der Ereignis-korrelierten Potenziale einige Eckpunkte, die bei der Gestaltung eines linguistischen EEG-Experimentes Beachtung finden sollten, ausgeführt. Der Beitrag schliest mit Überlegungen, die bei der Untersuchung grammatischer Variation besonders berücksichtigt werden sollten.