Korpuslinguistik
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This paper reports on recent developments within the European Reference Corpus EuReCo, an open initiative that aims at providing and using virtual and dynamically definable comparable corpora based on existing national, reference or other large corpora. Given the well-known shortcomings of other types of multilingual corpora such as parallel/translation corpora (shining-through effects, over-normalization, simplification, etc.) or web-based comparable corpora (covering only web material), EuReCo provides a unique linguistic resource offering new perspectives for fine-grained contrastive research on authentic cross-linguistic data, applications in translation studies and foreign language teaching and learning.
The 12th Web as Corpus workshop (WAC-XII) looks at the past, present, and future of web corpora given the fact that large web corpora are nowadays provided mostly by a few major initiatives and companies, and the diversity of the early years appears to have faded slightly. Also, we acknowledge the fact that alternative sources of data (such as data from Twitter and similar platforms) have emerged, some of them only available to large companies and their affiliates, such as linguistic data from social media and other forms of the deep web. At the same time, gathering interesting and relevant web data (web crawling) is becoming an ever more intricate task as the nature of the data offered on the web changes (for example the death of forums in favour of more closed platforms).
In this article, we examine the current situation of data dissemination and provision for CMC corpora. By that we aim to give a guiding grid for future projects that will improve the transparency and replicability of research results as well as the reusability of the created resources. Based on the FAIR guiding principles for research data management, we evaluate the 20 European CMC corpora listed in the CLARIN CMC Resource family, individuate successful strategies among the existing corpora and establish best practices for future projects. We give an overview of existing approaches to data referencing, dissemination and provision in European CMC corpora, and discuss the methods, formats and strategies used. Furthermore, we discuss the need for community standards and offer recommendations for best practices when creating a new CMC corpus.
In this Paper, we describe a schema and models which have been developed for the representation of corpora of computer-mediated communicatin (CMC corpora) using the representation framework provided by the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI). We characterise CMC discourse as dialogic, sequentially organised interchange between humans and point out that many features of CMC are not adequately handled by current corpus encoding schemas and tools. We formulate desiderata for a representation of CMC in encoding schemes and argue why the TEI is a suitable framework for the encoding of CMC corpora. We propose a model of basic CMC units (utterances, posts, and nonverbal activities) and the macro- and micro-level structures of interactions in CMC environments. Based on these models, we introduce CMC-core, a TEI customisation for the encoding of CMC corpora, which defines CMC-specific encoding features on the four levels of elements, model classes, attribute classes, and modules of the TEI infrastructure. The description of our customisation is illustrated by encoding examples from corpora by researchers of the TEI SIG CMC, representing a variety of CMC genres, i.e. chat, wiki talk, twitter, blog, and Second Life interactions. The material described, i.e. schemata, encoding examples, and documentation, is available from the of the TEI CMC SIG Wiki and will accompany a feature request to the TEI council in late 2019.
We present recognizers for four very different types of speech, thought and writing representation (STWR) for German texts. The implementation is based on deep learning with two different customized contextual embeddings, namely FLAIR embeddings and BERT embeddings. This paper gives an evaluation of our recognizers with a particular focus on the differences in performance we observed between those two embeddings. FLAIR performed best for direct STWR (F1=0.85), BERT for indirect (F1=0.76) and free indirect (F1=0.59) STWR. For reported STWR, the comparison was inconclusive, but BERT gave the best average results and best individual model (F1=0.60). Our best recognizers, our customized language embeddings and most of our test and training data are freely available and can be found via www.redewiedergabe.de or at github.com/redewiedergabe.
Twenty-two historical encyclopedias encoded in TEI: a new resource for the Digital Humanities
(2020)
This paper accompanies the corpus publication of EncycNet, a novel XML/TEI annotated corpus of 22 historical German encyclopedias from the early 18th to early 20th century. We describe the creation and annotation of the corpus, including the rationale for its development, suggested methodology for TEI annotation, possible use cases and future work. While many well-developed annotation standards for lexical resources exist, none can adequately model the encyclopedias at hand, and we therefore suggest how the TEI Lex-0 standard may be modified with additional guidelines for the annotation of historical encyclopedias. As the digitization and annotation of historical encyclopedias are settling on TEI as the de facto standard, our methodology may inform similar projects.
The present paper outlines the projected second part of the Corpus Query Lingua Franca (CQLF) family of standards: CQLF Ontology, which is currently in the process of standardization at the International Standards Organization (ISO), in its Technical Committee 37, Subcommittee 4 (TC37SC4) and its national mirrors. The first part of the family, ISO 24623-1 (henceforth CQLF Metamodel), was successfully adopted as an international standard at the beginning of 2018. The present paper reflects the state of the CQLF Ontology at the moment of submission for the Committee Draft ballot. We provide a brief overview of the CQLF Metamodel, present the assumptions and aims of the CQLF Ontology, its basic structure, and its potential extended applications. The full ontology is expected to emerge from a community process, starting from an initial version created by the authors of the present paper.
CLARIN contractual framework for sharing language data: the perspective of personal data protection
(2020)
The article analyses the responsibility for ensuring compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in research settings. As a general rule, organisations are considered the data controller (responsible party for the GDPR compliance). Research constitutes a unique setting influenced by academic freedom. This raises the question of whether academics could be considered the controller as well. However, there are some court cases and policy documents on this issue. It is not settled yet. The analysis serves a preliminary analytical background for redesigning CLARIN contractual framework for sharing data.