Bilingualismus / Mehrsprachigkeit
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Moderm European Science and culture evolved in the process of emancipation of various national languages from medieval Latin. At present, this development from monolingualism to multilingualism seems to be reversed in several scientific disciplines and in higher education. The former linguistic diversity turns gradually into a modern monolingualism of scientific English, especially in the natural and some social sciences. A short-term consequence is that researchers and Professors with other first languages need extra time and sometimes money to prepare their publications and lectures in English. Long-term consequences are, among others, that all languages exept English are devaluated as media of science and learning and, thus, a diglossia might develop if only English be used for the important domains and other languages be limited to the domains of private communication and folklore. The way out can only be through a cultivation of at least bilingualism of researchers, Professors, and their students in the natural sciences and trilingualism in social sciences and the humanities.
I nationale og curopa’iskc sprogpolitiske undersogelser savner man orte et tilt'redsstiIlende cmpirisk grundlag. De tilgsngelige data om den aktuelle Situation for sprogene i de forskelligc lande er heterogene. ufuldstEndige og delvist foraddede og derfor vanskelige at sammenligne over tid. EKNIL’s curoptciskc sprogbarometer. KLM, er et forsog pä al afhjxlpe denne Situation. KLM er baseret pä et omfattende spor- geskema om en bred vifte al’sproglige forhold som er egnet til at danne et billede at'sprogenes Status og sprogpolitiske praksisser i hvert enkelt land. fx sprogencs juridiske Status, sprogenes Status i undervis- ning og forskning, Situationen for minoritetssprog, sprogene i kulturen og i erhvervslivet. KLM gennem- tores med fä ärs mellemrum. Naervjerende artikel beskriver baggrunden og resultateme af KLM 2 (2007- 2011) som omfatler 23 europa’iske lande
Language shift after migration has been reported to occur within three generations. While this pattern holds in many cases there is also some counter evidence. In this paper, family documents from a German immigration community in Canada are investigated to trace individual decisions of language choice that contributed to an extended process of shift taking four generations and more than a century.
This dossier consists of an introduction to the region under study, followed by six sections each dealing with a specific level of the education system. These brief descriptions contain factual information presented in a readily accessible way. Sections eight to ten cover research, prospects, and summary statistics. For detailed information and political discussions about language use at the various levels of education, the reader is referred to other sources with a list of publications.
Every Regional Dossier begins with an introduction about the region in question, followed by six chapters that each deal with a specific level of the education system (e.g. primary education). Chapters 8 and 9 cover the main lines of research into education of the minority language under discussion, and the prospects for the minority language in general and in education in particular, respectively. Chapter 10 provides a summary of statistics. Lists of (legal) references and useful addresses regarding the minority language are given at the end of the dossier.
Latvia
(2019)
This chapter deals with current issues in bilingual education in the framework of language and educational policies in Latvia, and also outlines similarities or common tendencies in the two other Baltic states, Estonia and Lithuania. As commonly understood in the 21st century, the term ‘bilingual education’ includes ‘multilingual education, as the umbrella term to cover a wide spectrum of practice and policy’ (García, 2009: 9).
This paper discusses contemporary societal roles of German in the Baltic states (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania). Speaker and learner statistics and a summary of sociolinguistic research (Linguistic Landscapes, language learning motivation, language policies, international roles of languages) suggest that German has by far fewer speakers and functions than the national languages, English, and Russian, and it is not a dominant language in the contemporary Baltics anymore. However, German is ahead of ‘any other language’ in terms of users and societal roles as a frequent language in education, of economic relations, as a historical lingua franca, and a language of traditional and new minorities. Highly diverse groups of users and language policy actors form a ‘coalition of interested parties’ which creates niches which guarantee German a frequent use. In the light of the abundance of its functions, the paper suggests the concept ‘additional language of society’ for a variety such as German in the Baltics – since there seems to be no adequate alternative labelling which would do justice to all societal roles. The paper argues that this concept may also be used for languages in similar societal situations and, not least, be useful in language marketing and the promotion of multilingualism.
The authors are pleased to present to the readers of the Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft a Special Issue in honor of Rosemarie Tracy.
Contents:
0. Frontmatter
1. Petra Schulz, Ira Gawlitzek, Angelika Wöllstein: Introduction, S. 1
2. Natascha Müller: Different sources of delay and acceleration in early child bilingualism, S. 7
3. Hubert Haider, Christina Schörghofer-Essl, Karin Seethaler: Quantifying kids prefer intersecting sets - a pilot study, S. 31
4. Petra Schulz, Rabea Schwarze: How strong is the ban on non-finite verbs in V2? Evidence from early second language learners of German with and without SLI, S. 51
5. Monika Rothweiler, Manuela Schönenberger, Franziska Sterner: Subject-verb agreement in German in bilingual children with and without SLI, S. 79
6. Holger Hopp: The processing of English which-questions in adult L2 learners: Effects of L1 transfer and proficiency, S. 107
7. Oksana Laleko, Maria Polinsky: Silence is difficult: On missing elements in bilingual grammars, S. 135
8. Artemis Alexiadou: Building verbs in language mixing varieties, S. 165
This chapter introduces readers to the context and concept of this volume. It starts by providing an historical overview of languages and multilingualism in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia, highlighting the 100th anniversary of statehood which the three Baltic states are celebrating in 2018. Then, the chapter briefly presents important strands of research on multilingualism in the region throughout the past decades; in particular, questions about language policies and the status of the national languages (Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian) and Russian. It also touches on debates about languages in education and the roles of other languages such as the regional languages of Latgalian and Võro and the changing roles of international languages such as English and German. The chapter concludes by providing short summaries of the contributions to this book.
Opening/Eröffnung/Aperture
(2012)