Bilingualismus / Mehrsprachigkeit
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Deutsch in Sprachkontakten
(2021)
Das vorliegende Heft vereint Beiträge zu Kontakten des Deutschen mit verschiedenen Sprachen nördlich, östlich und südlich des deutschsprachigen Kerngebietes. Sprachkontakt wird dabei aus unterschiedlichsten Perspektiven erfasst; die Aufsätze behandeln einzelne strukturelle Sprachebenen ebenso wie pragmalinguistische, historische, soziolinguistische und translatologische Themen. Die Ausgabe vereint damit Untersuchungen zu Sprachkontakten in der Vergangenheit (Saagpakk/Saar, Plaušinaitytė), zum Gebrauch in spezifischen Textsorten (Mencigar, Földes), bis hin zu Sprachgebrauchsphänomenen im Kontext von Covid-19 (Geyer). Andere Beiträge fokussieren auf die Entwicklung sprachlicher Kompetenzen in Abhängigkeit von Kontakteinflüssen (Tibaut, Ščukanec/Durbek) oder dem Einfluss der Medien (Mack/Vollstädt/Vujović) oder diskutieren das Zusammenwirken von Sprachpolitik und Sprachgebrauch (Marten). Das Heft schließt mit mehreren Rezensionen und Projektberichten ab; insgesamt wird damit ein wesentlicher Ausschnitt aus der Bandbreite der germanistischen Sprachkontaktforschung in der Region von Estland bis Montenegro aufgezeigt.
Dieser Werkstattbericht zeigt anhand verschiedener korpusbasierter Ressourcen, wie Fragen zu sprachlichen Phänomenen, die für Sprachlernende nicht oder nur unzureichend dokumentiert sind, empirisch beantwortet werden können. Besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf OWIDplusLIVE gelegt. Hierbei handelt es sich um ein Werkzeug zur tagesaktuellen Analyse von Token (einzelne Wortformen/Lemmata) und Bi-/Trigrammen (zwei bzw. drei direkt aufeinander folgende Token). Über eine Anbindung an KorAP können zudem Belege aus dem DeReKo (Deutsches Referenzkorpus) abgerufen und analysiert werden.
Our paper discusses family language policies among multilingual families in Latvia with Russian as home language. The presentation is based on three case studies, i.e. interviews conducted with Russophones who have chosen to send their children to Latvian-medium pre-schools and schools. The main aim is to understand practices and regards among such families “from below,” i.e. which family-internal and family-external factors influenced the choice of Latvian-medium education and what impact this choice has on linguistic practices.
The paper shows that there have been critical events which both encouraged and discouraged the choice of Latvian-medium education. The wish to integrate into mainstream society has been met by obstacles both from ethnic Russians and Latvians. Yet, the three families consider their choices to be the right ones for the future development of their children in a multiethnic Latvia in which Latvian serves as the unifying language of society.
Aims and objectives:
Language debates in Latvia often focus on the role of Latvian as official and main societal language. Yet, Latvian society is highly multilingual, and families with home languages other than Latvian have to choose between different educational trajectories for their children. In this context, this paper discusses the results of two studies which addressed the question of why families with Russian as a home language choose (pre)schools with languages other than Russian as medium of instruction (MOI). The first study analyses family narratives which provide insight into attitudes and practices which lead to the decision to send children to Latvian-MOI institutions. The second study investigates language attitudes and practices by families in the international community of Riga German School.
Methodology:
The paper discusses data gathered during two studies: for the first, semi-structed interviews were conducted with Russian-speaking families who choose Latvian-medium schools for their children. For the second study, a survey was carried out in the community of an international school in Riga, sided by ethnographic observations and interviews with teachers and the school leadership.
Data and analysis:
Interviews and ethnographic observations were subjected to a discourse analysis with a focus on critical events and structures of life trajectory narratives. Survey data were processed following simple statistical analysis and qualitative content analysis.
Findings/conclusions:
Our data reveal that families highly embrace multilingualism and see the development of individual plurilingualism as important for integration into Latvian society as well as for educational and professional opportunities in the multilingual societies of Latvia and Europe. At the same time, multilingualism and multiculturalism, including Russian, are seen as a value in itself. In addition, our studies reflect the bidirectionality of family language policies in interplay with practices in educational institutions: family decisions influence children’s language acquisition at school, but the school also has an impact on the families’ language practices at home. In sum, we argue that educational policies should therefore pay justice to the wishes of families in Latvia to incorporate different language aspects into individual educational trajectories.
Originality:
Language policy is a frequent topic of investigation in the Baltic states. However, there has been a lack in research on family language policy and school choices. In this vein, our paper adds to the understanding of educational choices and language policy processes among Russian-speaking families and the international community in Latvia.
Our current era of globalization is characterized above all by increased mobility, namely by the increasing mobility of people and the development of new communication technologies, including the mobility of linguistic signs and resources. This process raises new theoretical and methodological questions in linguistics, which results in the development of a new sociolinguistics of globalization (Blommaert 2010) in recent years. One of the most obvious ways to trace this new and dynamic development is to analyze individual language repertoires, especially those of migrants. In this essay, I examine aspects of the communicative repertoire of a refugee who fled to Germany in 2015 to escape the civil war in Syria. I draw on two interviews I conducted with him (in the following I refer to him by the pseudonym „Baran“). The first interview with Baran was recorded in 2016, a few months after his arrival in Germany. The second interview is from 2023, seven years later. In both recordings, German was the dominant language of interaction. I will analyze and show the characteristics of his German at the beginning of his immigration, how he resorts to practices of language mixing between German, Turkish and English (which has recently also been referred to as translanguaging) and how his German has developed over the course of the past seven years.
This paper discusses contemporary societal roles of German in the Baltic states (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania). Speaker and learner statistics and a summary of sociolinguistic research (Linguistic Landscapes, language learning motivation, language policies, international roles of languages) suggest that German has by far fewer speakers and functions than the national languages, English, and Russian, and it is not a dominant language in the contemporary Baltics anymore. However, German is ahead of ‘any other language’ in terms of users and societal roles as a frequent language in education, of economic relations, as a historical lingua franca, and a language of traditional and new minorities. Highly diverse groups of users and language policy actors form a ‘coalition of interested parties’ which creates niches which guarantee German a frequent use. In the light of the abundance of its functions, the paper suggests the concept ‘additional language of society’ for a variety such as German in the Baltics – since there seems to be no adequate alternative labelling which would do justice to all societal roles. The paper argues that this concept may also be used for languages in similar societal situations and, not least, be useful in language marketing and the promotion of multilingualism.
2008. godā tyka veikts pietejums, kura golvonais mierkis beja raksturuot niulenejū latgalīšu volūdys lūmu izgleiteibys sistemā. Itys roksts prezeņtej byutiskuokūs pietejuma rezultatus. Pietejuma īrūsme sajimta nu „Mercator Education Centre“ (Merkatora izgleiteibys centra), kas dorbojās Nīderlaņdē Ļuvortā (frīzu volūdā — Ljouwert), Frīzejis proviņcis golvyspiļsātā. Piļneigs pietejuma izvārsums ar Merkatora izgleiteibys centra atbolstu publicāts izdavumu serejā „Regional Dossier Series“ (Regionalūs dosje sereja) angļu volūdā. Itys roksts golvonom kuortom dūmuots taidam adresatam, kas mozuok ir saisteits ar Eiropys volūdu izpietis institucejom i kam roksti angļu volūdā var saguoduot izpratnis voi atrasšonys gryuteibys. Partū pietejuma suokumā teik dūts seikuoks metožu i mierķu raksturuojums, paskaidrojūt pietejuma strukturu i rezultatu apkūpuojuma veidu, kai ari dūts puorskots par latgalīšu volūdys lūmu myusdīnu izgleiteibys sistemā. Sacynuojumūs ir īzeimātys nuokūtnis perspektivis i prīšklykumi dabuotūs rezultatu izmontuojumam.
Kontrastiv-multilingual angelegte empirische Studien erfordern eine vergleichbare Datengrundlage. Je nachdem, welche Forschungsfragen im Zentrum der sprachvergleichenden Untersuchungen stehen, bieten sich entweder Parallelkorpora oder vergleichbare einzelsprachliche Korpora als Datengrundlage an. Dieser Beitrag verfolgt hauptsächlich das Ziel, die Herausforderungen aufzuzeigen, die die Arbeit mit vergleichbaren Korpora im multilingualen Sprachvergleich aufwirft. Dabei soll u.a. das Prinzip der Vergleichbarkeit von Korpora thematisiert und methodologische Vorschläge für konkrete empirisch angelegte sprachvergleichende Analysen vorgelegt werden. Die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der empirisch basierten quantitativen und qualitativen Analysearbeit werden durch die Präsentation einiger exemplarischer Forschungsfragen und -ergebnisse aufgezeigt. Einige Desiderata für zukünftige korpusbasierte Studien auf der Basis von vergleichbaren Korpora im multilingualen Raum schließen den Beitrag ab.
Durch den Dezentralisierungsprozess in Großbritannien gibt es seit etwa einem Jahr neue Hoffnung für ein dauerhaftes Überleben der gälischen Sprache in Schottland. Mit der Einrichtung eines schottischen Parlaments, das seit Mai 1999 für innere Belange Schottlands verantwortlich ist, ist die gälischsprachige Bevölkerung viel näher an das Machtzentrum heran gerückt.
“Linguistic Landscapes” (LL) is a research method which has become increasingly popular in recent years. In this paper, we will first explain the method itself and discuss some of its fundamental assumptions. We will then recall the basic traits of multilingualism in the Baltic States, before presenting results from our project carried out together with a group of Master students of Philology in several medium-sized towns in the Baltic States, focussing on our home town of Rēzekne in the highly multilingual region of Latgale in Eastern Latvia. In the discussion of some of the results, we will introduce the concept of “Legal Hypercorrection” as a term for the stricter compliance of language laws than necessary. The last part will report on advantages of LL for educational purposes of multilingualism, and for developing discussions on multilingualism among the general public.