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Zu Geschichte und Gegenwart der deutschen Sprachinseln in Russland und der ehemaligen Sowjetunion
(2006)
This essay deals with the German speaking islands in Russia and the territories of the former Soviet Union. There will be an overview of the formation and historical development of the linguistic islands (in the 19th and 20th centuries), and the present situation of the german linguistic islands in Russia is described. The development is marked by an abrupt change in the situation, that is, migration and emigration to Germany. As a result, almost all the old well functioning German linguistic islands have recently ceased to exist. Also in the recently formed so-called German National Districts, language loss has progressed fairly rapidly. At the present, it is not clear if the German language islands have any future at all.
In the first part of the article, the situation of Germans in Russia will be put into the context of discussions about linguistic enclaves, minorities and linguistic identity in situations of language contact. The second part will focus on the effects of events related to the Second World War on the language development of the Germans in the former Soviet Union. Unlike the slow language change typical for many minorities, the Germans went through an abrupt, extensive decrease in the knowledge and use of the German language. The singular experience of loss and the corresponding impression on this minority left traces that are particularly noticeable among Russian Germans who have immigrated to Germany. After describing the historical status of German, the article turns to the current situation of the German minority in Russia. It then addresses German native-language instruction in Russia questioning finally whether it might be worthwhile to take into account the fact that the traditional form of German language used in Russia has elements of lower German (“niederdeutsche”), Hessian and other dialects. This could serve to emphasize the particularities of their own language tradition.