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Der Aufsatz knüpft an die Diskussion zur Verwendung von formalen grammatischen Kategorien im Sprachvergleich an (vgl. insbesondere Haspelmath 2007, 2010a, b und Newmeyer 2007, 2010). Es wird dabei nicht danach gefragt, ob sprachübergreifende grammatische Kategorien (oder genauer gesagt Kategorienausprägungen) existieren oder nicht bzw. ob einzelsprachliche grammatische Kategorien im Sprachvergleich sinnvoll einsetzbar sind, sondern wie ähnlich bzw. unterschiedlich einzelsprachliche Kategorien bzw. Kategorisierungen sind. Das Ziel ist damit, eine Methode zur Messung des Äquivalenzgrades von grammatischen Kategorien in verschiedenen Sprachen zu präsentieren; dies wird am Beispiel des IMPERATIVS im Deutschen, Englischen, Polnischen und Tschechischen illustriert.
This paper provides a lexicalist formal description of preposition-pronoun contraction (PPC) in Polish, using the theoretical framework of HPSG. Considering the behaviour of PPC with respect to the prosodic, categorial, syntactic and semantic properties, the assumption can be made that each PPC is a morphological unit with prepositional status. The crucial difference between a PPC and a typical preposition consists, besides the phonological form, in the valence properties. While a typical preposition realizes its complement externally via general constraints on phrase structure, the realization of a PPC argument is effected internally by virtue of its lexical entry. Here, we will provide the appropriate implicational lexical constraints that license both typical Ps and PPCs.
This paper provides a treatment of Polish Plural Comitative Constructions in the paradigm of HPSG in the tradition of Pollard and Sag (1994). Plural Comitative Constructions (PCCs) have previously been treated in terms of coordination, complementation and adjunction. The objective of this paper is to show that PCCs are neither instances of typical coordinate structures nor of typical complement or adjunct structures. It thus appears difficult to properly describe them by means of the standard principles of syntax and semantics. The analysis proposed in this paper accounts for the syntactic and semantic properties of PCCs in Polish by assuming an adjunction-based syntactic structure for PCCs, and by treating the indexical information provided by PCCs not as subject to any inheritance or composition, but as a result of applying a set of principles on number, gender and person resolution that also hold for ordinary coordinate structures.
This paper focuses on aspects of the licensing of adverbial noun phrases (AdvNPs) in the HPSG grammar framework. In the first part, empirical issues will be discussed. A number of AdvNPs will be examined with respect to various linguistic phenomena in order to find out to what extent AdvNPs share syntactic and semantic properties with non-adverbial NPs. Based on empirical generalizations, a lexical constraint for licensing both AdvNPs and non-adverbial NPs will be provided. Further on, problems of structural licensing of phrases containing AdvNPs that arise within the standard HPSG framework of Pollard and Sag (1994) will be pointed out, and a possible solution will be proposed. The objective is to provide a constraint-based treatment of NPs which describes non-redundantly both their adverbial and non-adverbial usages. The analysis proposed in this paper applies lexical and phrasal implicational constraints and does not require any radical modifications or extensions of the standard HPSG geometry of Pollard and Sag (1994).
Since adverbial NPs have particularly high frequency and a wide spectrum of uses in inflectional languages such as Polish, we will take Polish data into consideration.
Many modern languages commonly use expressions that seem unpredictable regarding standard grammar regularities. Among these expressions, sequences consisting of a preposition, a noun, another preposition, and another noun are particularly frequent. The issue of these expressions, usually termed in linguistic literature as "complex prepositions", "phrasal prepositions" or "preposition-like word formations", can certainly be considered to be a cross-linguistic problem (On "complex prepositions" in German and in other languages see (Benes 1974), (Buscha 1984)}, (Lindqvist 1994), (Meibauer 1995), (Quirk and Mulholland 1964), (Wollmann 1996). In this paper, I will focus exclusively on German data, because they provide very explicit and convincing linguistic evidence which motivates and supports my approach. However, I assert that the analysis proposed here for German can also be applied to other languages such as Polish or English.
In this paper, semantic aspects of P1N1P2 word sequences will be discussed. Based on syntactic analysis of Trawinski (2003), which assumes prepositions heading P1N1P2NP combinations to be able to raise and realize syntactically complements of their arguments, we will investigate whether semantic representation of these expressions can be considered as an instance of the combinatorics semantics. We will investigate three German PPs involving expressions under consideration with respect to two criteria of internal semantic regularity adopted from Sailer (2000) and we will observe that the discussed expressions are not uniform with regard to the semantic properties. While the logical form of some of them can be computed by means of ordinary translations and a set of standard derivational operations, the other require additional handling methods. However, there are approaches available within the HPSG paradigm that are suited to account for these data. Here, we will briefly present the external selection approach of Soehn (2003) and the phrasal lexical entries approach of Sailer (2000) and we will show how they interact with the syntactic approach of Trawinski (2003).
In this paper, we will investigate a cross-linguistic phenomenon referred to as complex prepositions (CPs), which is a frequent type of multiword expressions (MWEs) in many languages. Based on empirical data, we will point out the problems of the traditional treatment of CPs as complex lexical categories, and, thus, propose an analysis using the formal paradigm of the HPSG in the tradition of (Pollard and Sag, 1994). Our objective is to provide an approach to CPs which (1) convincingly explains empirical data, (2) is consistent with the underlying formal framework and does not require any extensions or modification of the existing description apparatus, (3) is computationally tractable.