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In this paper, we address issues of inconsistencies of dictionary information and how different corpus methods and computer tools can assist in providing systematic cross-referencing. The question is raised how hyperlinking in an electronic reference work can be approached systematically in order to warrant consistent symmetrical links between synonyms or antonyms. Firstly, it is argued that working with a comprehensive corpus does not account for consistent cross-referencing. It is shown that a top-down corpus-driven linguistic analysis also does not guarantee the lexicographic documentation of binary lexico-semantic relations covered by corpus data, as proposed by Paradis/Willners (2006a, b). Secondly, with the help of dictionary examples taken from elexiko (an online dictionary of contemporary German) we demonstrate how a combination of both corpus-driven and corpus-based procedures enables lexicographers to systematically exploit corpus material in more depth than by using only one of these methods. It is also discussed where and why lexicographers are still prone to inconsistencies in the editing processes, irrespective of their underlying corpus methodologies. Finally, we introduce a cross-reference management tool that has been developed for elexiko and we explain its technological prerequisites and implications. This software supports lexicographers in detecting existing and missing references from and to a specific headword. It also offers options to automatically and comfortably correct discrepancies. Overall, we suggest a method that includes linguistic competence, complementary corpus approaches and additional software in order to ensure that links or references between synonymic and antonymic pairings are given in both directions.
Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt einen neuartigen Typ von mehrsprachiger elektronischer Ressource vor, bei dem verschiedene Lehnwörterbücher zu einem "umgekehrten Lehnwörterbuch" für eine bestimmte Gebersprache zusammengefasst werden. Ein solches Wörterbuch erlaubt es, die zu einem Etymon der Gebersprache gehörigen Lehnwörter in verschiedenen Nehmersprachen zu finden. Die Entwicklung einer solchen Webanwendung, insbesondere der zugrundeliegenden Datenbasis, ist mit zahlreichen konzeptionellen Problemen verbunden, die an der Schnittstelle zwischen lexikographischen und informatischen Themen liegen. Der Beitrag stellt diese Probleme vor dem Hintergrund wünschenswerter Funktionalitäten eines entsprechenden Internetportals dar und diskutiert einen möglichen Lösungsansatz: Die Artikel der Einzelwörterbücher werden als XML-Dokumente vorgehalten und dienen als Grundlage für die gewöhnliche Online-Ansicht dieser Wörterbücher; insbesondere für portalweite Abfragen werden aber grundlegende, standardisierte Informationen zu Lemmata und Etyma aller Portalwörterbücher samt deren Varianten und Wortbildungsprodukten (hier zusammenfassend als "Portalinstanzen" bezeichnet) sowie die verschiedenartigen Relationen zwischen diesen Portalinstanzen zusätzlich in relationalen Datenbanktabelle nabgelegt, die performante und beliebig komplex strukturierte Suchabfragen gestatten.
Referenz und ihre Gegenstände. Bemerkungen zur Pragmatik eines sprachphilosophischen Begriffs
(1998)
Datenmodellierung
(2016)
Das Kapitel widmet sich den grundsätzlichen technischen Rahmenbedingungen für die heutige Internetlexikografie. Zum einen skizzieren die Autoren, was „hinter“ den auf einem Monitor sichtbaren Benutzeroberflächen geschieht, wenn eine Nutzerin online auf ein Wörterbuch zugreift, und wie diese Prozesse zu Dokumentationszwecken in I.ogdateien protokolliert werden können. Zum anderen diskutieren sie, wie die Identität und dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit von Inhalten angesichts der ständig möglichen Aktualisierbarkeit von Online-Angeboten sichergestellt werden können.
The wdlpOst dictionary writing system to be presented in this paper has been developed for the specific purposes of a lexicographical project on German loanwords in the East Slavic languages Russian, Belarusian, and Ukrainian. The project’s main objectives are (i) to document those loanwords for which a cognate lexical borrowing from German is known in Polish and (ii) to establish possible borrowing pathways for these lexical items. In the first phase of the project, the collaborative client/server architecture of the wdlpOst system has been used for excerpting detailed lexicographical information from a large range of historical and contemporary East Slavic dictionaries, taking the entries in a large dictionary of German loanwords in Polish as a common frame of reference. For the project’s second phase, the wdlpOst system provides innovative tooling for compiling entries of the East Slavic loanwords. Most importantly, the numerous word sense definitions for a set of cognate loanwords, as excerpted from different lexicographical sources, are mapped onto a system of newly defined cross-language word senses; in a similar vein, the phonemic and graphemic variation in the loanwords and their derivatives is captured through a tool that abstracts from dictionary-specific idiosyncrasies.
The web portal Lehnwortportal Deutsch (lwp.ids-mannheim.de), developed at the Institute for the German Language (IDS), aims to provide unified access to existing and possibly new dictionaries of German loanwords in other languages. Internally, the lexicographical information is represented as a directed acyclic graph of relations between words. The graph abstracts from the idiosyncrasies of the individual component dictionaries. This paper explores two different strategies to make complex graph-based cross-dictionary queries in such a portal more accessible to users. The first strategy effectively hides the underlying graph structure, but allows users to assign scopes (internally defined in terms of the graph structure) to search criteria. A second type of search strategy directly formulates queries in terms of the relational graph structure. In this case, search results are not entries but n-tuples of words (metalemmata, loanwords, etyma); a query consists of specifying properties of these words and relations between them. A working prototype of an easy-to-use human-readable declarative query language is presented and ways to interactively construct queries are discussed.
We start by trying to answer a question that has already been asked by de Schryver et al. (2006): Do dictionary users (frequently) look up words that are frequent in a corpus. Contrary to their results, our results that are based on the analysis of log files from two different online dictionaries indicate that users indeed look up frequent words frequently. When combining frequency information from the Mannheim German Reference Corpus and information about the number of visits in the Digital Dictionary of the German Language as well as the German language edition of Wiktionary, a clear connection between corpus and look-up frequencies can be observed. In a follow-up study, we show that another important factor for the look-up frequency of a word is its temporal social relevance. To make this effect visible, we propose a de-trending method where we control both frequency effects and overall look-up trends.
This paper reports on an ongoing lexicographical project that investigates Polish loanwords from German that were further borrowed into the East Slavic languages Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian. The results will be published as three separate dictionaries in the Lehnwortportal Deutsch, a freely available web portal for loanword dictionaries having German as their common source language. On the database level, the portal models lexicographical data as a cross-resource directed acyclic graph of relations between individual words, including German ‘metalemmata’ as normalized representations of diasystemic variants of German etyma. Amongst other things, this technology makes it possible to use the web portal as an ‘inverted loanword dictionary’ to find loanwords in different languages borrowed from the same German etymon. The different possible pathways of German loanwords that went through Polish into the East Slavic languages can be represented directly as paths in the graph. A dedicated in-house dictionary editing software system assists lexicographers in producing and keeping track of these paths even in complex cases where, e.g, only a derivative of a German loanword in Polish has been borrowed into Russian. The paper concludes with some remarks on the particularities of the dictionary/portal access structure needed for presenting and searching borrowing chains.
This contribution outlines a conceptual analysis of the dictionary-internal cross-reference structure in electronic dictionaries along the lines of Wiegand’s actional-theoretical text theory of print dictionaries. The discussion focuses on issues of XML-based data modeling, using the monolingual German online dictionary elexiko as a running example. The first part of the article demonstrates how Wiegand’s formal theory of mediostructure and its intricate nomenclature can be extended in a systematic and lexicographically justified way to cover the structure of the underlying lexicographical database of online dictionaries. The second part of the article applies the concepts developed to a more technical question, examining the extent to which cross-reference information can be stored and processed separately from the dictionary entry documents, e.g., in a relational database. The results are largely negative; in most real world cases, this leads to an unwanted duplication of XML-related structural information. The concluding third part briefly describes the strategy chosen for elexiko: mediostructural information is not externalized at all; cross-reference consistency checks are performed by a dictionary editing tool that takes advantage of a specialized XML database index and can easily be made more efficient and scalable by using a simple caching technique.