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"Standard language" is a contested concept, ideologically, empirically and theoretically. This is particularly true for a language such as German, where the standardization of the spoken language was based on the written standard and was established with respect to a communicative situation, i.e. public speech on stage (Bühnenaussprache), which most speakers never come across. As a consequence, the norms of the oral standard exhibit many features which are infrequent in the everyday speech even of educated speakers. This paper discusses ways to arrive at a more realistic conception of (spoken) standard German, which will be termed "standard usage". It must be founded on empirical observations of speakers linguistic choices in everyday situations. Arguments in favor of a corpus-based notion of standard have to consider sociolinguistic, political, and didactic concerns. We report on the design of a large study of linguistic variation conducted at the Institute for the German Language (project "Variation in Spoken German", Variation des gesprochenen Deutsch) with the aim of arriving at a representative picture of "standard usage" in contemporary German. It systematically takes into account both diatopic variation covering the multi-national space in which German an official language, and diastratic variation in terms of varying degrees of formality. Results of the study of phonetic and morphosyntactic variation are discussed. At least for German, a corpus-based notion of "standard usage" inevitably includes some degree of pluralism concerning areal variation, and it needs to do justice to register-based variation as well.
This paper explores speakers’ notions of the situational appropriacy of linguistic variants. We conducted a web-based survey in which we collected ratings of the appropriacy of variants of linguistic variables in spoken German. A range of quantitative methods (cluster analysis, factor analysis and various forms of visualization techniques) is applied in order to analyze metalinguistic awareness and the differences in the evaluation of written vs. spoken stimuli. First, our data show that speakers’ ratings of the appropriacy of linguistic variants vary reliably with two rough clusters representing formal and informal speech situations and genres. The findings confirm that speakers adhere to a notion of spoken standard German which takes genre and register-related variation into account. Secondly, our analysis reveals a written language bias: metalinguistic awareness is strongly influenced by the physical mode of the presentation of linguistic items (spoken vs. written).
This article is concerned with the use of speech variation in a classroom in south-west Germany. It shows how a teacher uses dialect-standard variation as a resource for carrying out different tasks. An analysis of the variational practices of the teacher reveals two different code-alternating procedures with different functional scopes. On the one hand, the teacher uses code-shifting along a continuum of standard forms, especially to draw attention to relevant aspects of the instructional activities, and to guide participation in the unfolding discourse. On the other hand, she uses the context-cueing function of code-switching between standard and dialect, especially to locally manage the key of interaction (interaction modalities). It is shown that, for the teacher analysed, switching to dialect is a methodological resource which matches the intricate pedagogical tasks involved in the evaluation moves which follow pupils' 'troublesome' answers.
Recipient Design
(2014)
Grundlage der Studie zur multimodalen Interaktionsanalyse ist der Vortrag der beiden Autoren auf der Arbeitstagung Gesprächsforschung 2014. Sie haben bei der Überarbeitung für die Publikation die Studie auf die empirische Basis einer Kollektion von 6 Fällen gestellt. Die Ausarbeitung ist deswegen umfangreicher geworden, weil das Vortragsmanuskript zu einer prototypischen, multimodalen Auseinandersetzung mit einem etablierten, verbal basierten Konzept ausgebaut wurde. Solche empirisch basierten, methodologisch orientierten Konzeptreflexionen sind unverzichtbarer Bestandteil der Profilierung des multimodal-interaktionsanalytischen Ansatzes als eigenständiger Zugang der Analyse von Interaktion.
The research project “German Today” aims to determine the amount of regional variation in (near-) standard German spoken by young and older educated adults, and to identify and locate the regional features. To this end, an extensive corpus of read and spontaneous speech is currently being compiled. German is a so-called pluricentric language. With our corpus we aim to determine whether national or regional standards really exist. Furthermore, the linguistic variation due to different contextual styles (read vs. spontaneous speech) shall be analysed. Finally, the corpus will enable us to investigate whether linguistic change has occurred in the domain of the German standard language. The main focus of all research questions is on phonetic variation (lexical variation is only of minor interest). Read and spontaneous speech of four secondary school students (aged seventeen to twenty) and two fifty- to sixt-year-olds is recorded in 160 cities throughout the German-speaking area of Europe. All participants read a number of short texts and word lists, name pictures, translate from English, and take part in a sociobiographic interview and a map task experiment. The resulting corpus will comprise over 1000 hours of orthographically and (in part) phonetically transcribed speech.
Der Beitrag bearbeitet (professionelles) Handeln in Sitzungen des Gemeinderats einer kleinstädtischen Kommune in Südwestdeutschland. Die Analyse konzentriert sich auf einen längeren Redebeitrag, der kommunalpolitische Professionalität nicht im unauffälligen Vollzug zeigt, sondern Probleme einer Verwaltungsangestellten bei der lokal gebundenen Bearbeitung ihrer Aufgabe, eine Bekanntgabe zu machen. Die dabei produzierte Äußerungsstruktur zeigt Spuren einer Orientierungsirritation, die insbesondere zu Beginn des Redebeitrags als Konflikt zwischen der Arbeit an der Herstellung von Gemeinschaft und der Orientierung an der Aufgabe des Informierens fassbar wird.
Am 1. und 2.12.2000 fand im Institut für Deutsche Sprache (Mannheim) das erste offizielle Kolloquium der DFG-Forschergruppe „Sprachvariation als kommunikative Praxis” statt. Das Thema hieß: .Form und Funktion von Sprachmischung”. Im Mittelpunkt des ersten Tages standen Vorstellung und Diskussion der einzelnen Teilprojekte der Forschergruppe. Am folgenden Tag wurde in Korreferaten von Peter Auer, Norbert Dittmar, John Gumperz und Jürgen E. Schmidt die Entwicklung der Forschergruppe insgesamt kommentiert. Ergänzt wurde das Programm durch Gastvorträge von Lars Johanson (Mainz), Marja-Leena Sorjonen (Helsinki), Volker Hinnenkamp (Augsburg), Elizabeth Lanza (Oslo) und Ana Deumert (Heidelberg).