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The authors present a multilingual electronic database of lexical items with idiosyncratic occurrence patterns. Currently, our database consists of: (1) a collection of 444 bound words in German; (2) a collection of 77 bound words in English; (3) a collection of 58 negative polarity items in Romanian; (4) a collection of 84 negative polarity items in German; and (5) a collection of 52 positive polarity items in German. The database is encoded in XML and is available via the Internet, offering dynamic and flexible access.
This paper presents three electronic collections of polarity items: (i) negative polarity items in Romanian, (ii) negative polarity items in German, and (iii) positive polarity items in German. The presented collections are a part of a linguistic resource on lexical units with highly idiosyncratic occurrence patterns. The motivation for collecting and documenting polarity items was to provide a solid empirical basis for linguistic investigations of these expressions. Our databe provides general information about the collected items, specifies their syntactic properties, and describes the environment that licenses a given item. For each licensing context, examples from various corpora and the Internet are introduced. Finally, the type of polarity (negative or positive) and the class (superstrong, strong, weak or open) associated with a given item is speci ed. Our database is encoded in XML and is available via the Internet, offering dynamic and exible access.
The authors describe two data sets submitted to the database of MWE evaluation resources: (1) cranberry expressions in English and (2) cranberry expressions in German. The first package contains a collection of 444 cranberry words in German (CWde.txt) and a collection of the corresponding cranberry expressions (CCde.txt). The second package consists of a collection of 77 cranberry words in English (CWen.txt) and a collection of the corresponding cranberry expressions (CCen.txt). The data included in these packages was extracted from the Collection of Distributionally Idiosyncratic Items (CoDII), an electronic linguistic resource of lexical items with idiosyncratic occurrence patterns. Each package contains a readme file, and can be downloaded from multiword.wiki.sourceforge.net/Resources.
The Online-Wortschatz-Informationssystem Deutsch (OWID; Online Vocabulaty Information System German) o f the Institut fUr Deutsche Sprache (IDS; German Language Institute) in Mannheim is a lexicographic Internet portal for various electronic diciionary resources that are being compiled as the IDS. It is an explicit goal of OWID, not to present a random collection of unrelated reference works but to build a network of actually related lexicographic products. Hence, the core of the project is the design of an innovative concept of data modelling and structuring. The goal of this granular data modelling is to allow flexible access of each individual lexicographic resource as well as access across diverse dictionary resources. At the same time, fine-grained interconnectedness of all resources should be made possible. Every lexicographic resource within OWID—elexiko, Neologismenwörterbuch, Wortverbindungen online, Schulddiskurs im ersten Nachkriegsjahrzehnt—accomplishes this requirement with regard to data modelling and structuring. The paper explains the underlying consistent concept of the data modelling for the overall heterogeneous lexicographical resources. Also it is shown, how the modelling potential has been converting into the Internet presence of OWID.
La diminution des compétences linguistiques (ou: attrition des langues) est un phénomène que l’on rencontre dans différents contextes lorsque l’accès à ce qui est acquis dans une langue (L1, L2 ou langue étrangère) diminue. Les recherches sur le sujet montrent par exemple que l’influence de la L2 rend difficile aux locuteurs L1 d’exploiter toutes les variations stylistiques ou pragmatiques que leur L1 devrait normalement leur permettre. La question qui se pose est de savoir ce qui se perd en effet: est-ce la competence langagière, la representation mentale de la connaissance qui est affectée ou s’agit-il plutôt d’une limitation de l’accès et du contrôle des connaissances acquises qui, elles, restent intactes? Dans le cadre des discussions actuelles autour des avantages et des risques du plurilinguisme il n’est pas seulement intéressant mais bien nécessaire d’approfondir les recherches sur les processus de l’attrition. Il faut par ailleurs, pour que les plurilingues aient un réel bénéfice de leur potentiel, que la société reconnaisse et apprécie concrètement ces compétences et qu’elle encourage les locuteurs à afficher leur identité bilingue en toute confiance et transparence.
Laz, a sister language of Georgian spoken on the southeastem coast of the Black Sea, is the only member of the South Caucasian family which is spoken primarily in Turkey. Due to the socio-political circumstances all Speakers of Laz living in Turkey are bilingual and use Laz primarily in private communication. Using these observations as a starting point, the paper looks at the question of whether Laz is an endangered language. In order to clarify the sociolinguistic Situation of Laz in Turkey, the different levels involved in the process of gradual language loss (language-extemal factors, speech behaviour and structural consequences within the language system) are dealt with in detail. To determine which data should be taken as basis for the documentation of the language, the paper also discusses linguistic criteria for differentiating between fully competent Speakers of Laz and Speakers who show signs of language attrition.
The paper reports on experiments with acoustic recordings of a self-built replica of the historic speaking machine of Wolfgang von Kempelen. Several possibilities of the reed as the glottal excitation mechanism were tested. Perception tests with naïve listeners revealed that the machinegenerated words 'mama' and 'papa' were partially recognised as an authentic child voice – as it was also the case in von Kempelen's demonstrations in the late 18th century.
This contribution deals with the representation of verbs with multiple meanings or senses in general monolingual dictionaries. Criteria for differentiating senses in dictionary entries have traditionally been formulated with respect to the vocabulary in general. This paper argues that, while some criteria do indeed apply to the entire lexicon, many of them are relevant only to specific semantic classes. This will be demonstrated considering two selected verb classes: speech-act verbs and perception verbs. Like verbs of other classes, speech-act verbs and perception verbs may be ambiguous in different but recurrent ways. Since recurrent patterns of ambiguity are always typical of particular semantic classes, class-specific semantic criteria are formulated to decide whether a particular ambiguous speech act or perception verb should be treated as being polysemous or homonymous in dictionary entries. In addition to these class-specific semantic criteria, the semantic-syntactic criterion of identity or difference of argument structure is suggested for the lexicographical representation of verbs which may not be considered to be polysemous or homonymous on the basis of semantic criteria alone. According to the suggested argument-structure criterion, these verbs should be treated as polysemous when their senses correlate with identical argument structures and as homonymous when their senses correlate with different argument structures properties. As opposed to the semantic criteria suggested, the semantic-syntactic criterion of identity vs. difference of argument structure applies to verbs of different semantic classes. However, as will be illustrated by the discussion of the different senses of smell, it may sometimes force us to treat different but related senses as corresponding to two distinct lexical items. In order to solve this problem, the criteria suggested are supplemented by a preference rule stating that semantic criteria apply prior to the semantic-syntactic criterion of identity vs. difference of argument structure...
COSMAS II
(2008)