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This paper describes general requirements for evaluating and documenting NLP tools with a focus on morphological analysers and the design of a Gold Standard. It is argued that any evaluation must be measurable and documentation thereof must be made accessible for any user of the tool. The documentation must be of a kind that it enables the user to compare different tools offering the same service, hence the descriptions must contain measurable values. A Gold Standard presents a vital part of any measurable evaluation process, therefore, the corpus-based design of a Gold Standard, its creation and problems that occur are reported upon here. Our project concentrates on SMOR, a morphological analyser for German that is to be offered as a web-service. We not only utilize this analyser for designing the Gold Standard, but also evaluate the tool itself at the same time. Note that the project is ongoing, therefore, we cannot present final results.
Corpus-based identification and disambiguation of reading indicators for German nominalizations
(2010)
Corpus data is often structurally and lexically ambiguous; corpus extraction methodologies thus must be made aware of ambiguities. Therefore, given an extraction task, all relevant ambiguities must be identified. To resolve these ambiguities, contextual data responsible for one or another reading is to be considered. In the context of our present work, German -ung-nominalizations and their sortal readings are under examination. A number of these nominalizations may be read as an event or a result, depending on the semantic group they belong to. Here, we concentrate on nominalizations of verbs of saying (henceforth: "verba dicendi"), identify their context partners and their influence on the sortal reading of the nominalizations in question. We present a tool which calculates the sortal reading of such nominalizations and thus may improve not only corpus extraction, but also e.g. machine translation. Lastly, we describe successful attempts to identify the correct sortal reading, conclusions and future work.
So far, comprehensive grammar descriptions of Northern Sotho have only been available in the form of prescriptive books aiming at teaching the language. This paper describes parts of the first morpho-syntactic description of Northern Sotho from a computational perspective (Faaß, 2010a). Such a description is necessary for implementing rule based, operational grammars. It is also essential for the annotation of training data to be utilised by statistical parsers. The work that we partially present here may hence provide a resource for computational processing of the language in order to proceed with producing linguistic representations beyond tagging, may it be chunking or parsing. The paper begins with describing significant Northern Sotho verbal morpho-syntactics (section 2). It is shown that the topology of the verb can be depicted as a slot system which may form the basis for computational processing (section 3). Note that the implementation of the described rules (section 4) and also coverage tests are ongoing processes upon that we will report in more detail at a later stage.
This paper describes the application of probabilistic part of speech taggers to the Dzongkha language. A tag set containing 66 tags is designed, which is based on the Penn Treebank. A training corpus of 40,247 tokens is utilized to train the model. Using the lexicon extracted from the training corpus and lexicon from the available word list, we used two statistical taggers for comparison reasons. The best result achieved was 93.1% accuracy in a 10-fold cross validation on the training set. The winning tagger was thereafter applied to annotate a 570,247 token corpus.
On the basis of a single case analysis of the emergence of an ethnic joke, this paper explores issues related to laughter in international business meetings. More particularly, it deals with ways in which a person's name is correctly pronounced. Speakers and co-participants seem to orient towards ‘proper’ ways of vocalizing names and to consequent ‘variations’ or ‘deviations’ from them, making different ways of pronunciation available as a laughable. In making such pronunciation variations available, accountable and recognizable, participants reflexively establish as relevant the multilingual character of the activity, of the participants’ competences and of the setting; conversely, they exploit these multilingual features within specific social practices, leading to laughter.
Our analysis focuses on the contexts of action, the sequential environments and the interactional practices by which the uttering of a name becomes a ‘laughable’ and then a resource for an ethnic joke. Moreover, it explores the implications of transforming the pronunciation into a laughable in terms of the organization of the ongoing activity, changing participation frameworks and membership categorizations. In this sense, it highlights the flexible structure of groups and the way in which laughter reconfigures them through local affiliating and disaffiliating moves, and by making various national categories available and relevant.
Authors like Fillmore 1986 and Goldberg 2006 have made a strong case for regarding argument omission in English as a lexical and construction-based affordance rather than one based on general semantico-pragmatic constraints. They do not, however, address the question of how grammatical restrictions on null complementation might interact with broader narrative conventions, in particular those of genre. In this paper, we attempt to remedy this oversight by presenting a comprehensive overview of genre-based argument omissions and offering a construction-based analysis of genre-based omission conventions. We consider five genre-based omission types: instructional imperatives (Culy 1996, Bender 1999), labelese, diary style (Haegeman 1990), match reports (Ruppenhofer 2004) and quotative clauses. We show that these omission types share important traits; all, for example, have anaphoric rather than indefinite construals. We also show, however, that the omission types differ from each other in idiosyncratic ways. We then address several interrelated representational problems posed by the grammatical treatment of genre-based omissions. For example, the constructions that represent genre-based omission conventions must interact with the lexical entries of verbs, many of which do not generally permit omitted arguments. Accordingly, we offer constructional analyses of genre-based omissions that allow constructions to override lexical valence constraints.
Grammatiktheoretische Forschung, das hat die jüngste IDS-Jahrestagung wieder einmal plastisch vor Augen geführt, muss gedacht werden als zähes Ringen zweier grundsätzlich antagonistischer Prinzipien: Der reichhaltigen Fülle sprachlicher Okkurrenzen, deren gründlicher Auslotung ein beträchtlicher Teil der gegenwärtigen sprachtheoretisch und sprachtechnologisch ausgerichteten Anstrengung gewidmet ist, muss stets der Versuch gegenüberstehen, diese überbordende Varianz abstrahierend und generalisierend einzudämmen – ohne dabei die empirischen Befunde übermäßig und unzulässig zu nivellieren.
DIL is a bilingual (German-Italian) online dictionary of linguistics. It is still under construction and contains 240 lemmas belonging to the subfield of “German as a Foreign Language”, but other subfields are in preparation. DIL is an open dictionary; participation of experts from various subfields is welcome. The dictionary is intended for a user group with different levels of knowledge, therefore it is a multifunctional dictionary. An analysis of existing dictionaries, either in their online or written form, was essential in order to make important decisions for the macro- or microstructure of DIL; the results are discussed. Criteria for the selection of entries and an example of an entry conclude the article.
Grammars even trying to be as comprehensible as possible hardly avoid using technical terms unknown to novices. To overcome these inconveniencies, the grammatical information system grammis of the Institut für Deutsche Sprache incorporated a glossary specialized on terms used within the system. This glossary - actually named Grammatische Grundbegriffe (elementary terms of grammar) and tied by hyperlinks to technical terms in the core grammar' of grammis - offers short and simple explanations mainly by means of exemplification. The idea is to provide the users with provisional understanding to get along while following the main themes they are interested in. Explicitly, the glossary is not a stand-alone dictionary of grammatical terms, and it should not be regarded as one.
This paper presents a survey on the role of negation in sentiment analysis. Negation is a very common linguistic construction that affects polarity and, therefore, needs to be taken into consideration in sentiment analysis.
We will present various computational approaches modeling negation in sentiment analysis. We will, in particular, focus on aspects such as level of representation used for sentiment analysis, negation word detection and scope of negation. We will also discuss limits and challenges of negation modeling on that task.