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Dieses Kapitel untersucht das Verhältnis von Genitivattributen und Präpositionalattributen mit von im Deutschen datenbasiert. Im Zentrum steht dabei die Frage danach, unter welchen Bedingungen die beiden Konstruktionen miteinander variieren können. Neben funktionaler Äquivalenz, die z. B. bei von-Attributen mit starker lokativischer oder ablativischer Semantik nicht gegeben ist, stellt dabei auch das Vorhandensein flektierender Elemente in der Attributsphase eine wichtige Voraussetzung dar.
Dieses Kapitel untersucht die Stellung adnominaler Genitive im Deutschen. Die Stellungsvariation besteht fast ausschließlich für artikellose Eigennamen, weshalb diese im Zentrum der Analyse stehen. Auf Basis von Korpusdaten kann gezeigt werden, dass die Faktoren Belebtheit und Länge des Attributs sowie Kasus der Gesamtphrase einen großen Teil der Variation erklären.
When searching large electronic corpora of the German language, one finds variation at structurally critical points of the grammatical system. Two examples from the grammar of the noun phrase show that in certain cases this variation helps to ensure the function of a standard language, so that a certain amount of variation belongs to a realistic idea of a standard language. This is shown on the one hand by techniques of expanding the central adjective vocabulary and on the other hand by the choice of morphological alternatives in the area between determiners and attributive adjectives
In der Arbeit wird ein Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Zweitsprachkenntnisse bei der Einschulung behandelt, das auf der Profilanalyse basiert. Zuerst werden allgemeine Fragen der Sprachstandsdiagnose bei Kindern ohne Schriftsprachkenntnisse und einige Aspekte des Zweitspracherwerbs, unter ihnen Regelbildungsprozesse behandelt. Dann wird die linguistische Basis der Profilanalyse vorgestellt, wie sie aus dem ZISA-Projekt heraus für Deutsch als Zweitsprache entwickelt wurde. Im Kern des Verfahrens steht die Erkenntnis, dass die Stellung verbaler Elemente in bestimmten Schritten erworben wird. Aus der Kritik an dem ursprünglich von Clahsen vorgelegten Entwurf werden Grundlagen für eine revidierte Vorgehensweise entwickelt. Daran schließt sich eine Diskussion des Verhältnisses zwischen den Phrasenstrukturen und damit zusammenhängenden Eigenschaften der Lernersprache an. Mit den Mitteln der funktionalen Pragmatik wird die Stellung vor dem Finitum (Prä-V2) in ihrer Funktionalität für die deutsche Sprache behandelt. Diese Zusammenhänge werden in einem empirischen Teil exemplarisch an Lerneräußerungen überprüft und herausgearbeitet, die für die jeweiligen Erwerbsstufen stehen. Der Beitrag schließt mit einem Resümee und Vorschlägen für die weitere Forschung. Im Anhang wird ein revidierter Profilbogen und ein von LehrerInnen vereinfachtes Modell eines Profilbogens dokumentiert. Weiterhin enthält der Anhang die
vollständigen Transkriptionen der untersuchten Lerneräußerungen.
In two eye-tracking experiments, we investigated the relationship between the subject preference in the resolution of subject-object ambiguities in German embedded clauses and semantic word order constraints (i.e., prominence hierarchies relating to the specificity/referentiality of noun phrases, case assignment and thematic role assignment). Our central research question concerned the timecourse with which prominence information is used and particularly whether it modulates the subject preference. In both experiments, we replicated previous findings of reanalysis effects for object-initial structures. Our findings further suggest that noun phrase prominence does not alter initial parsing strategies (viz., the subject preference), but rather modulates the ease of later reanalysis processes. In Experiment 1, the object case assigned by the verb did not affect the ease of reanalysis. However, the syntactic reanalysis was rendered more difficult when the order of the two arguments violated the specificity/referentiality hierarchy. Experiment 2 revealed that the initial subject preference also holds for verbs favoring an object-initial base order (i.e., dative object-experiencer verbs). However, the advantage for subject-initial sentences is neutralized in relatively late processing stages when the thematic role hierarchy and the specificity hierarchy converge to promote scrambling.
This paper demonstrates systematic cross-linguistic differences in the electrophysiological correlates of conflicts between form and meaning (“semantic reversal anomalies”). These engender P600 effects in English and Dutch (e.g. Kolk et al., 2003, Kuperberg et al., 2003), but a biphasic N400 – late positivity pattern in German (Schlesewsky and Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, 2009), and monophasic N400 effects in Turkish (Experiment 1) and Mandarin Chinese (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 revealed that, in Icelandic, semantic reversal anomalies show the English pattern with verbs requiring a position-based identification of argument roles, but the German pattern with verbs requiring a case-based identification of argument roles. The overall pattern of results reveals two separate dimensions of cross-linguistic variation: (i) the presence vs. absence of an N400, which we attribute to cross-linguistic differences with regard to the sequence-dependence of the form-to-meaning mapping and (ii) the presence vs. absence of a late positivity, which we interpret as an instance of a categorisation-related late P300, and which is observable when the language under consideration allows for a binary well-formedness categorisation of reversal anomalies. We conclude that, rather than reflecting linguistic domains such as syntax and semantics, the late positivity vs. N400 distinction is better understood in terms of the strategies that serve to optimise the form-to-meaning mapping in a given language.
The present chapter investigates the relative order of attributive adjectives in German. Based on corpus data, our results corroborate previous findings that semantics is the most important factor in accounting for adjective order. Going beyond previous studies, we also consider coordinated structures (such as mit [[großem, verwildertem] Garten] ‘with (a) large, overgrown garden’), where both adjectives are of equal rank. While adjective order in embedded structures (mit [ schwierigem [ familiärem Hintergrund ]] ‘with (a) difficult domestic background’) can be predicted rather accurately on semantic grounds, we show that predictions can also be made for coordinated structures, albeit with lower accuracy. Using regression analysis, we examine how semantic factors interact with a number of other explanatory variables.
The following paper is aimed to demonstrate that a grammar from above („Grammatik von oben“), i.e. a top-down grammar is better suited for the purposes of contrastive linguistic descriptions than the contrary approach, i.e. a bottom-up grammar. Furthermore, it will be argued that sentences should be understood and explained from a textual point of view.
Languages employ different strategies to transmit structural and grammatical information. While, for example, grammatical dependency relationships in sentences are mainly conveyed by the ordering of the words for languages like Mandarin Chinese, or Vietnamese, the word ordering is much less restricted for languages such as Inupiatun or Quechua, as these languages (also) use the internal structure of words (e.g. inflectional morphology) to mark grammatical relationships in a sentence. Based on a quantitative analysis of more than 1,500 unique translations of different books of the Bible in almost 1,200 different languages that are spoken as a native language by approximately 6 billion people (more than 80% of the world population), we present large-scale evidence for a statistical trade-off between the amount of information conveyed by the ordering of words and the amount of information conveyed by internal word structure: languages that rely more strongly on word order information tend to rely less on word structure information and vice versa. Or put differently, if less information is carried within the word, more information has to be spread among words in order to communicate successfully. In addition, we find that–despite differences in the way information is expressed–there is also evidence for a trade-off between different books of the biblical canon that recurs with little variation across languages: the more informative the word order of the book, the less informative its word structure and vice versa. We argue that this might suggest that, on the one hand, languages encode information in very different (but efficient) ways. On the other hand, content-related and stylistic features are statistically encoded in very similar ways.