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Studying the role of expertise in poetry reading, we hypothesized that poets’ expert knowledge comprises genre-appropriate reading- and comprehension strategies that are reflected in distinct patterns of reading behavior.
We recorded eye movements while two groups of native speakers (n=10 each) read selected Russian poetry: an expert group of professional poets who read poetry daily, and a control group of novices who read poetry less than once a month. We conducted mixed-effects regression analyses to test for effects of group on first-fixation durations, first-pass gaze durations, and total reading times per word while controlling for lexical- and text variables.
First-fixation durations exclusively reflected lexical features, and total reading times reflected both lexical- and text variables; only first-pass gaze durations were additionally modulated by readers’ level of expertise. Whereas gaze durations of novice readers became faster as they progressed through the poems, and differed between line-final words and non-final ones, poets retained a steady pace of first-pass reading throughout the poems and within verse lines. Additionally, poets’ gaze durations were less sensitive to word length.
We conclude that readers’ level of expertise modulates the way they read poetry. Our findings support theories of literary comprehension that assume distinct processing modes which emerge from prior experience with literary texts.
Kognitive Pretests oder auch kognitive Interviews sind semi-standardisierte Interviews, die durchgeführt werden, um Einblick in die kognitiven Prozesse zu bekommen, die Befragte beim Beantworten von Fragen durchlaufen, und wie sie zu ihrer Antwort kommen. Innerhalb der sozialwissenschaftlichen Umfrageforschung werden kognitive Interviews insbesondere zu zwei Zwecken eingesetzt: (a) in der Fragebogenentwicklung und (b) in der Übersetzung von Fragebögen. Im Rahmen der Fragebogenentwicklung wird durch Interviews mit Befragten der Zielpopulation versucht, Hinweise auf unterschiedlichste Frageprobleme zu erhalten. So kann man beispielsweise herausfinden, wie Befragte bestimmte Wörter oder Begriffe verstehen, wie schwierig oder einfach sie eine Frage finden oder wie sie ihre Antwort auf eine Frage bilden. In der Übersetzung von Fragebögen kann man beispielsweise untersuchen, ob eine übersetzte Frage so verstanden wird wie die entsprechende Frage in der Ausgangssprache oder welche gewünschten bzw. unerwünschten Konnotationen bestimmte Übersetzungen haben. Innerhalb der Orthographieforschung ließe sich diese Methode auf die Entwicklung von Kriterien zur Festlegung von Rechtschreibregeln oder zur Prüfung ihrer Akzeptanz anwenden: In kognitiven Interviews eingesetzte Techniken wie „Probing“, also gezieltes Nachfragen, oder Lautes Denken könnten genutzt werden, um zu prüfen, wie Rechtschreibregeln angewendet werden oder wie sie zielgruppenspezifisch und nutzungsfreundlich ausgestaltet werden müssten, damit sie größtmögliche Akzeptanz in weiten Teilen der Bevölkerung finden. So könnte man intuitive Entscheidungen bei Worttrennung oder Getrennt- und Zusammenschreibung untersuchen.
We examined genre-specific reading strategies for literary texts and hypothesized that text categorization (literary prose vs. poetry) modulates both how readers gather information from a text (eye movements) and how they realize its phonetic surface form (speech production). We recorded eye movements and speech while college students (N = 32) orally read identical texts that we categorized and formatted as either literary prose or poetry. We further varied the text position of critical regions (text-initial vs. text-medial) to compare how identical information is read and articulated with and without context; this allowed us to assess whether genre-specific reading strategies make differential use of identical context information. We observed genre-dependent differences in reading and speaking tempo that reflected several aspects of reading and articulation. Analyses of regions of interests revealed that word-skipping increased particularly while readers progressed through the texts in the prose condition; speech rhythm was more pronounced in the poetry condition irrespective of the text position. Our results characterize strategic poetry and prose reading, indicate that adjustments of reading behavior partly reflect differences in phonetic surface form, and shed light onto the dynamics of genre-specific literary reading. They generally support a theory of literary comprehension that assumes distinct literary processing modes and incorporates text categorization as an initial processing step.
In two eye-tracking experiments, we investigated the relationship between the subject preference in the resolution of subject-object ambiguities in German embedded clauses and semantic word order constraints (i.e., prominence hierarchies relating to the specificity/referentiality of noun phrases, case assignment and thematic role assignment). Our central research question concerned the timecourse with which prominence information is used and particularly whether it modulates the subject preference. In both experiments, we replicated previous findings of reanalysis effects for object-initial structures. Our findings further suggest that noun phrase prominence does not alter initial parsing strategies (viz., the subject preference), but rather modulates the ease of later reanalysis processes. In Experiment 1, the object case assigned by the verb did not affect the ease of reanalysis. However, the syntactic reanalysis was rendered more difficult when the order of the two arguments violated the specificity/referentiality hierarchy. Experiment 2 revealed that the initial subject preference also holds for verbs favoring an object-initial base order (i.e., dative object-experiencer verbs). However, the advantage for subject-initial sentences is neutralized in relatively late processing stages when the thematic role hierarchy and the specificity hierarchy converge to promote scrambling.
Several studies have examined effects of explicit task demands on eye movements in reading. However, there is relatively little prior research investigating the influence of implicit processing demands. In this study, processing demands were manipulated by means of a between-subject manipulation of comprehension question difficulty. Consistent with previous results from Wotschack and Kliegl, the question difficulty manipulation influenced the probability of regressing from late in sentences and re-reading earlier regions; readers who expected difficult comprehension questions were more likely to re-read. However, this manipulation had no reliable influence on eye movements during first-pass reading of earlier sentence regions. Moreover, for the subset of sentences that contained a plausibility manipulation, the disruption induced by implausibility was not modulated by the question manipulation. We interpret these results as suggesting that comprehension demands influence reading behavior primarily by modulating a criterion for comprehension that readers apply after completing first-pass processing.