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This chapter will present results of a linguistic landscape (LL) project in the regional centre of Rēzekne in the region of Latgale in Eastern Latvia. Latvia was de facto a part of the Soviet Union until 1991, and this has given it a highly multilingual society. In the essentially post-colonial situation since 1991, strict language policies have been in place, which aim to reverse the language shift from Russian, the dominant language of Soviet times, back to Latvian. Thus, the main interests of the research were how the complex pattern of multilingualism in Latvia is reflected in the LL; how people relate to current language legislation; and what motivations, attitudes and emotions inform their behaviour.
Dieser Artikel analysiert am Beispiel eines Racletteessens unter Freunden, wie innerhalb einer langen Sequenz das Warten auf den Beginn des Essens strukturiert wird. Während der fast 50 Minuten, die zwischen der Ankunft der ersten Gäste sowie dem Beginn des Essens vergehen, orientieren sich die Teilnehmer auf unterschiedliche Weise zum Warten als Aktivität. Das sukzessive Eintreffen der Gäste führt jeweils zu Eröffnungssequenzen innerhalb dieser Wartezeit. Anhand von Auszügen dieser Zeitspanne verfolgt die Analyse, wie sich die Teilnehmer zu dieser Zeitlichkeit des Wartens und (Noch-nicht-)Beginnens orientieren und wie sie den Anfang des Essens gemeinsam konstruieren.
The chapter on formats and models for lexicons deals with different available data formats of lexical resources. It elaborates on their structure and possible uses. Motivated by the restrictions in merging different lexical resources based on widely spread formalisms and international standards, a formal lexicon model for lexical resources is developed which is related to graph structures in annotations. For lexicons this model is termed the Lexicon Graph. Within this model the concepts of lexicon entries and lexical structures frequently described in the literature are formally defined and examples are given. The article addresses the problem of ambiguity in those formal terms. An implementation based on XML and XML technology such as XQuery for the defined structures is given. The relation to international standards is included as well.
Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über CoDII, die Collection of Distributionally Idiosyncratic Items. CoDII ist eine elektronische Sammlung verschiedener Untergruppen lexikalischer Elemente, die sich durch idiosynkratische Distribution auszeichnen. Das bedeutet, dass sich die Verteilung dieser Lexeme im Text nicht alleine aufgrund ihrer syntaktischen Kategorie Vorhersagen lässt. Die Methoden, die in der Entwicklung von CoDII angewandt werden, greifen über traditionelle Fachgrenzen hinaus und umfassen Korpuslinguistik, Computerlinguistik, Phraseologie und theoretische Sprachwissenschaft. Ein wichtiger Schwerpunkt unserer Diskussion liegt auf der Darstellung, inwiefern die in CoDII gesammelten, annotierten und unter anderem mit Suchwerkzeugen abfragbaren Daten dazu beitragen können, die linguistische Theoriebildung durch die Bereitstellung sorgfältig aufbereiteter Datensammlungen bei der Überprüfung ihrer Datengrundlage zu unterstützen.
Preface
(2010)
Conventional descriptions of synonymous items often concentrate on common semantic traits and the degree of semantic overlap they exhibit. Their aim is to offer classifications of synonymy rather than elucidating ways of establishing contextual meaning equivalence and the cognitive prerequisites for this. Generally, they lack explanations as to how synonymy is construed in actual language use. This paper investigates principles and cognitive devices of synonymy construction as they appear in corpus data, and focuses on questions of how meaning equivalence might be conceptualised by speakers.
This paper provides a general overview of the treatment of lexico-semantic relations in different fields of research including theoretical and application-oriented disciplines. At the same time, it sketches the development of the descriptions and explanations of sense relations in various approaches as well as some methodologies which have been used to retrieve and analyse paradigmatic patterns.
Perhaps the biggest challenge in derivational morphology is to reconcile morphological idiosyncrasy with semantic regularity. How can it be explained that words with dead affixes and irregulär allomorphy can nonetheless exhibit straightforward and stable semantic relations to their etymological bases (cf. strength ‘property of being strong’, obedience ‘act of obeying’, ‘property of being obedient’)? Theories based on the idea of capturing regularity in terms of synthetic rules for building up complex words out of morphemes along with rules for interpreting such structures in a compositional fashion have not made - and arguably cannot make - sense of this phenomenon. Taking the perspective of the learner in acquisition, I propose an alternative approach to meaning assignment based, not on syntagmatic relations among their constituent morphemes, but on paradigmatic relations between whole words. This approach not only explains the conditions under which meaning relations between words are expected to be stable but also accounts for another notorious mystery in derivational morphology, the frequent occurrence of total synonymy among affixes, as opposed to words.