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Dictionary usage research is a topic of increasing importance within the field of lexicography. At the beginning of the new millennium, the dictionary user was still relatively unknown. However, in the last ten years, more and more user studies have been published. Consequently, methods, data and the conclusions which can be drawn were successively refined. Also, new possibilities of web-based data collection, e.g., the analysis of log files, enriched this field of research. This contribution aims to describe the state of the art in dictionary usage research in the digital era. I begin by providing a short overview of methodological and terminological basics and then place a special focus on three different methods of collecting empirical data on dictionary use: online questionnaires, eye tracking and the analysis of log-files. All these methods are illustrated on user studies conducted at the Institute for the German Language in Mannheim.
This paper presents some theoretical and methodological foundations of the research project DICONALE, which concerns the development of an online dictionary of verbal lexemes with a special conceptual-onomasiological access and a paradigmatic structure in response to studies which have shown that conventional dictionaries (both monolingual and bilingual), do not satisfy the specific needs of users involved in the production of texts in foreign language.
El tratamiento de la complementación forma uno de los núcleos informativos más relevantes en la lexicografía pedagógica para el aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera. A pesar de los esfuerzos realizados en las últimas décadas por incluir en los diccionarios pedagógicos información más detallada y estructurada vinculada al potencial combinatorio del léxico, recientes consultas empíricas revelan que la correcta y adecuada complementación sigue siendo uno de los aspectos principales no resueltos en la adquisición de una L2. Sobre la base de estas observaciones, el artículo parte de dos hipótesis que relacionan por un lado los datos empíricos con las propias insuficiencias de las obras lexicográficas y, por otro, con la falta de la competencia lexicográfica necesaria de la mayoría de los usuarios para interpretar adecuadamente toda la información disponible. A fin de contribuir a una mejora sustancial en el tratamiento de la complementación en la lexicografía bilingüe del par de lenguas alemán y español, el artículo está estructurado en torno a los siguientes tres objetivos: (i) descripción y análisis de la actualidad lexicográfica a partir de ejemplos seleccionados de obras lexicográficas mono- y bilingües representativas para la adquisición de español o del alemán como lenguas extranjeras, (ii) descripción de necesidades y alternativas del presente ante los retos de las nuevas tecnologías y (iii) presentación de algunas posibilidades del futuro para fomentar no sólo el desarrollo de recursos y sistemas tecnológicos adecuados que sirvan de herramientas para la consulta léxico-gramatical en procesos de (de)codificación de una lengua extranjera, sino también una mayor competencia lexicográfica en entornos de aprendizaje.
This article is concerned with the choice of a corpus to be used as the empirical basis of a bilingual, bidirectional and conceptual learner dictionary of German and Spanish. Several standard corpora as well as web corpora for German and Spanish will be compared with respect to their size, the variety of genres they contain, the time span and geographical areas covered and what kind of search facilities they allow (e.g. word queries based on lemmata rather than on word forms). It will be argued that, when standard corpora fail to meet a particular requirement, web data may provide a useful alternative for lexicographical purposes provided they are both linguistically (i.e. morpho-syntactically) and meta-linguistically tagged.
This article presents a system which allows components of situations referred to by communication verbs to be combined in different ways to yield representations of different reference situation types. These are subsequently used as the basis of a comparison of the corresponding communication verbs in German and Spanish. Verbs referring to the same special reference situation type are shown to constitute a lexical field. Concentrating on the lexical fields of German and Spanish forbid-verbs, specific types of inform-verbs and persuade-verbs, we show that the procedure applied may in principle be used to cover the whole inventory of communication verbs in a bilingual conceptual (i.e. onomasiological) dictionary.
This article presents empirical findings about what criteria make for a good online dictionary, using data on expectations and demands collected in an online questionnaire (N~684), complemented by additional results from a second questionnaire (N-390) which looked more closely at whether respondents had differentiated views on individual aspects of the criteria rated in the first study. Our results show that the classical criteria of reference books (such as reliability and clarity) were rated highest by our participants, whereas the unique characteristics of online dictionaries (such as multimedia and adaptability) were rated and ranked as (partly) unimportant. To verify whether or not the poor ratings of these innovative features were a result of the fact that our subjects are unfamiliar with online dictionaries incorporating such features, we incorporated an experiment into the second study. Our results revealed a learning effect: participants in the learning-effect condition, i.e. respondents who were first presented with examples of possible innovative features of online dictionaries, judged adaptability and multimedia to be more useful than participants who were not given that information. Thus, our data point to the conclusion that developing innovative features is worthwhile but that it should be borne in mind that users can only be persuaded of their benefits gradually. In addition, we present data about questions relating to the design of online dictionaries.