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This study explores how ‘gatherings’ turn into ‘encounters’ in a virtual world (VW) context. Most communication technologies enable only focused encounters between distributed participants, but in VWs both gatherings and encounters can occur. We present close sequential analysis of moments when after a silent gathering, interaction among participants in a VW is gradually resumed, and also investigate the social actions in the verbal (re-)opening turns. Our findings show that like in face-to-face situations, also in VWs participants often use different types of embodied resources to achieve the transition, rather than rely on verbal means only. However, the transition process in VWs has distinctive characteristics compared to the one in face-to-face situations. We discuss how participants in a VW use virtually embodied pre-beginnings to display what we call encounter-readiness, instead of displaying lack of presence by avatar stillness. The data comprise 40 episodes of video-recorded team interactions in a VW.
This report presents a corpus of articulations recorded with Schlieren photography, a recording technique to visualize aeroflow dynamics for two purposes. First, as a means to investigate aerodynamic processes during speech production without any obstruction of the lips and the nose. Second, to provide material for lecturers of phonetics to illustrates these aerodynamic processes. Speech production was recorded with 10 kHz frame rate for statistical video analyses. Downsampled videos (500 Hz) were uplodad to a youtube channel for illustrative purposes. Preliminary analyses demonstrate potential in applying Schlieren photography in research.
We question the growing consensus in the literature that European Americans behave as a homogenous pan-ethnic coalition of voters. Seemingly below the radar of scholarship on voting groups in American politics, we identify a group of white voters that behaves differently from others: German Americans, the largest ethnic group, regionally concentrated in the ‘Swinging Midwest’. Using county level voting returns, ancestry group information from the American Community Survey (ACS), current survey data and historical census data going back as early as 1910, we provide evidence for a partisan and a non-partisan pathway that motivated German Americans to vote for Trump in 2016: a historically grown association with the Republican Party and an acquired taste for isolationist attitudes that mobilizes non-partisan German Americans to support isolationist candidates. Our findings indicate that European American experiences of migration and integration still echo into the political arena of today.
Travel guides and travel reports constitute an important source for the generation and spread of popular geopolitical epistemes and assumptions. With regard to colonial attitudes and their possible perpetuation, it is therefore of great interest what kind of information such texts convey regarding (post)colonial places, and how they contextualize it. The paper compares descriptions of Qingdao (Tsingtau), a German colonized territory between 1897 and 1914, in travel guides and related material from colonial and postcolonial times and in different European languages. It investigates what differences can be found between these descriptions in relation to time, language, and medium (print or online) of publication. Of particular interest is the question whether, and in what ways, colonial perspectives are perpetuated in present-day (especially German) travel literature.
In this paper we present an experimental semantic search function, based on word embeddings, for an integrated online information system on German lexical borrowings into other languages, the Lehnwortportal Deutsch (LWPD). The LWPD synthesizes an increasing number of lexicographical resources and provides basic cross-resource search options. Onomasiological access to the lexical units of the portal is a highly desirable feature for many research questions, such as the likelihood of borrowing lexical units with a given meaning (Haspelmath & Tadmor, 2009; Zeller, 2015). The search technology is based on multilingual pre-trained word embeddings, and individual word senses in the portal are associated with word vectors. Users may select one or more among a very large number of search terms, and the database returns lexical items with word sense vectors similar to these terms. We give a preliminary assessment of the feasibility, usability and efficacy of our approach, in particular in comparison to search options based on semantic domains or fields.
In this paper, we present an overview of freely available web applications providing online access to spoken language corpora. We explore and discuss various solutions with which the corpus providers and corpus platform developers address the needs of researchers who are working with spoken language. The paper aims to contribute to the long-overdue exchange and discussion of methods and best practices in the design of online access to spoken language corpora.
Adjektive und adjektivisch gebrauchte Partizipien als Konstituenten von Nominalgruppen werden in den Grammatiken des Deutschen und des Italienischen verallgemeinernd unter die Attribute zum Nomen gerechnet. Weithin gelten sie unter diesen sogar als prototypisch. Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht ihr Flexionsverhalten, ihre Linearstellung, ihre Bedeutungsbeiträge, ihren Konstituentenstatus und ihre informationeile Kennzeichnung. Er führt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die terminologische Tradition in beiden Sprachen grammatische Unterschiede verdeckt, die mehr Aufmerksamkeit verdienen würden. Die Funktionen von Adjektiven in der Nominalgruppe sind faktisch viel weniger einheitlich, als der Attributbegriff insinuiert. Unterschiede sollten in der Beschreibung differenzierter herausgearbeitet werden. Ihre kontrastive Untersuchung ist nicht nur für Grammatiker von Interesse, sondern auch fiir Lehrende des Deutschen und des Italienischen als Fremdsprache sowie der Übersetzung zwischen beiden Sprachen. Sie kann Schwierigkeiten, die im Sprach- und Übersetzungsstudium bekannt sind, systematisieren und erklären und ihre didaktische Bearbeitung erleichtern.
This paper investigates the use of linking adverbs in adversative constructions in German and Italian. In Italian those constructions are very frequently formulated with adverbs such as invece, while wordings without a lexical connective are more typical of German. Corpus data show that the syntactic und semantic conditions favouring the use of adversative adverbs are by and large the same in both languages. Lexical connectives can increase explicitness when the intended adversative interpretation is not obvious on other grounds. The higher frequency of adversative adverbs in Italian is shown to be a consequence of the more restrictive rules of the placement of prosodic accent.
In den letzten Jahren haben sich einige Themen mit Bezug zur deutschen Sprache zu sprachpolitischen Kontroversen entwickelt, die heute mit großer Intensität diskutiert werden. Es handelt sich um Themen wie das der geschlechtergerechten Sprache, das durch verschiedene rechtliche und publizistische Impulse eine immer noch wachsende Präsenz in Medien und Öffentlichkeit besitzt. Auch das Thema des sogenannten politisch korrekten Sprachgebrauchs führt zu polarisiert geführten Debatten. Der vorliegende Beitrag will diese Debatten in ihren Grundzügen nachzeichnen und dabei zeigen, wie diese Themen vermittelt über die Medien und den «Verein Deutsche Sprache» ihren Weg bis in die politische Sphäre gefunden haben. Aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Sicht ist es wichtig, die Grenzen des Politischen so zu ziehen, dass die Sprache selbst in derartigen Kontroversen keinen Schaden nimmt.
Repeating the movements associated with activities such as drawing or sports typically leads to improvements in kinematic behavior: these movements become faster, smoother, and exhibit less variation. Likewise, practice has also been shown to lead to faster and smoother movement trajectories in speech articulation. However, little is known about its effect on articulatory variability. To address this, we investigate the extent to which repetition and predictability influence the articulation of the frequent German word “sie” [zi] (they). We find that articulatory variability is proportional to speaking rate and the duration of [zi], and that overall variability decreases as [zi] is repeated during the experiment. Lower variability is also observed as the conditional probability of [zi] increases, and the greatest reduction in variability occurs during the execution of the vocalic target of [i]. These results indicate that practice can produce observable differences in the articulation of even the most common gestures used in speech.
Auf dem Weg zu einer Kartographie: automatische und manuelle Analysen am Beispiel des Korpus ISW
(2021)
Alleviating pain is good and abandoning hope is bad. We instinctively understand how words like alleviate and abandon affect the polarity of a phrase, inverting or weakening it. When these words are content words, such as verbs, nouns, and adjectives, we refer to them as polarity shifters. Shifters are a frequent occurrence in human language and an important part of successfully modeling negation in sentiment analysis; yet research on negation modeling has focused almost exclusively on a small handful of closed-class negation words, such as not, no, and without. A major reason for this is that shifters are far more lexically diverse than negation words, but no resources exist to help identify them. We seek to remedy this lack of shifter resources by introducing a large lexicon of polarity shifters that covers English verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Creating the lexicon entirely by hand would be prohibitively expensive. Instead, we develop a bootstrapping approach that combines automatic classification with human verification to ensure the high quality of our lexicon while reducing annotation costs by over 70%. Our approach leverages a number of linguistic insights; while some features are based on textual patterns, others use semantic resources or syntactic relatedness. The created lexicon is evaluated both on a polarity shifter gold standard and on a polarity classification task.
This study builds on a large body of work on the use of linguistic forms for requests in social interaction. Using Conversation Analysis / Interactional Linguistics, this study explores the use of two recurrent linguistic formats for requesting in spoken German – simple interrogatives ('do you do ..?') and kannst du VP? ('can you do..?') interrogatives. Based on a corpus of video-recorded, naturally occurring data of mundane data, this study demonstrates one of the interactional factors that is relevant for the choice between alternative interrogative request formats in spoken German – recipient's embodied availability before and during the request initiation. It is shown that simple interrogatives are used to request an action from a recipient who is either available or involved in their own project, which, however, does not have to be suspended or interrupted for the compliance with the request. In contrast, kannst du VP? interrogatives occur in environments in which the recipient is already engaged in a project that must be suspended in order to grant the request.
„Bausteine einer Korpusgrammatik des Deutschen“ ist eine Schriftenreihe, die am Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim (IDS) entsteht. Sie setzt sich zum Ziel, mit korpuslinguistischen Methoden die Vielfalt und Variabilität der deutschen Grammatik in großer Detailschärfe zu erfas-sen und gleichzeitig für die Validierbarkeit der Ergebnisse zu sorgen. Der zweite Band enthält eine kurze Einleitung und vier als Kapitel einer neuen Grammatik gestaltete Texte: 1. Determination in der Nominalphrase – ein Überblick, 2. Syntaktische Funktionen von Nominalphrasen und Funktio-nen der Kasus, 3. Stellung des adnominalen Genitivs und 4. Genitiv- und von-Attribute: Bestimmung des Variationsbereichs. Der Band ist mit zum Download verfügbaren Datensätzen zu Nominalphrasen sowie Genitiv- und von-Attributen verknüpft.
Bericht vom zweiten nationalen Best-Practice-Workshop der deutschen Open-Access-Monografienfonds
(2021)
Besser als gedacht
(2021)
Das grammatische Wissen von Lehramtsstudierenden ist besser als gedacht. Im Basisartikel (s. Döring/Elsner in diesem Band) wird darauf verwiesen, dass Studien zeigten, dass bei Studierenden zu Studienbeginn das grammatische Wissen nicht in dem gewünschten Maße vorhanden ist und dass auch die universitäre Lehre keinen Ausgleich dieser Defizite bewirken muss. Dennoch bleibt die Frage, ob das, was in den Studien gemessen wird, nicht eher dem terminologischen Wissen entspricht, was bei Studienbeginn nicht vorhanden sein muss, weil der Grammatikunterricht viel zu lang zurückliegt und im Studienverlauf genau diese Termini entweder keine Rolle spielen oder kritisch diskutiert werden, sodass die Fragen auch nicht mehr so einfach beantwortet werden können. Hinter diesen Studien steckt doch letztlich die Frage, welcher Wissensbestand und welcher Wissenszuwachs gemessen werden soll und ob die verwendeten Methoden das geeignete Mittel darstellen. Daher möchten wir in diesem Kommentar aufzeigen, in welcher Weise unserer Meinung nach Lehramtsstudierende solide grammatische Kenntnisse aufweisen (können), in welcher Hinsicht epistemische Überzeugungen von Lehrenden einen Einfluss haben können und welche Aspekte in der unversitären Lehre (im Bereich der Grammatik) zusätzlich berücksichtigt werden sollten, um einen nachhaltigeren Lernerfolg zu ermöglichen. Dies ist durchaus als optimistischer Beitrag zu verstehen, insofern als sich die universitäre Hochschullehre für Lehramtsstudierende im Bereich der Grammatik im positiven Sinne auf den Weg gemacht hat.
This paper reports on an ongoing international project of compiling a freely accessible online Dictionary of German Loans in Polish Dialects. The dictionary will be the first comprehensive lexicographic compendium of its kind, serving as a complement to existing resources on German lexical loans in the literary or standard language. The empirical results obtained in the project will shed new light on the distribution of German loanwords among different dialects, also in comparison to the well-documented situation in written Polish. The dictionary will have a strong focus on the dialectal distribution of Polish dialectal variants for a given German etymon, accessible through interactive cartographic representations and corresponding search options. The editorial process is realized with dedicated collaborative web tools. The new resource will be published as an integrated part of an online information system for German lexical borrowings in other languages, the Lehnwortportal Deutsch, and is therefore highly cross-linked with other loanword dictionaries on Polish as well as Slavic and further European languages.
CLARIAH-DE cross-service search - prospects and benefits of merging subject-specific services
(2021)
CLARIAH-DE combines services and offerings of CLARIN-D and DARIAH-DE. This includes various search applications which are made directly available to researchers. These search applications are presented in this working paper based on their main characteristics and compared with a focus on possible harmonizations. Opportunities and risks of different forms of technical integration are highlighted. Identified challenges can be explained in particular considering the background of different organizational and technical frameworks as well as highly specific and discipline-dependent requirements. The integration work that has already been carried out and the experiences gained with regard to future work and possible integration of further applications are also discussed. The experiences made in CLARIAH-DE can especially be of interest for other projects in the field of digital research infrastructures.
Die durch die Covid-19-Pandemie bedingte Umstellung der Präsenzlehre auf digitale Lehr- und Lernformate stellte Lehrende und Studierende gleichermaßen vor eine Herausforderung. Innerhalb kürzester Zeit musste die Nutzung von Plattformen und digitalen Tools erlernt und getestet werden. Der Beitrag stellt exemplarisch Dienste und Werkzeuge von CLARIAH-DE vor und erläutert, wie die digitale Forschungsinfrastruktur Lehrende und Studierende auch im Rahmen der digitalen Lehre unterstützen kann.
This poster summarizes the results of the CLARIAH-DE Work Package 3: Skills Training and Promotion of Junior Researchers.
For a research field that is characterised by rapid technical development, CLARIAH-DE has to include the promotion of data literacy necessary for the efficient use of this digital research infrastructure as part of its objective. To develop, consolidate and refine a common programme in this area, work package 3 set itself the following sub goals:
- Consolidation of the activities from the previous projects into a joint service
- Cataloguing and reflecting on the methods and tools used in the research field, with the aim of identifying remaining gaps
- Skills training of, individual support for and the promotion of junior researchers
This poster summarizes the results of the CLARIAH-DE Work Package 5 - Community Engagement: Outreach/Dissemination and Liaison.
Work package 5 engages with the community through dissemination activities, outreach and liaison. The work package set itself the following sub goals:
- Combining the existing dissemination and outreach activities of CLARIN-D and DARIAH-DE in a meaningful way and elaborating on them. In some cases this meant continuity, in other cases a new appearance for resources.
- Providing a web portal as a gateway to the CLARIAH-DE project.
- Creating a common identity and corporate identity and maintaining the established level of trust users already put into CLARIN-D and DARIAH-DE.
- Providing a social media presence as well as a physical presence at workshops, conferences and other meetings in the Digital Humanities.
CMDI Explorer
(2021)
We present CMDI Explorer, a tool that empowers users to easily explore the contents of complex CMDI records and to process selected parts of them with little effort. The tool allows users, for instance, to analyse virtual collections represented by CMDI records, and to send collection items to other CLARIN services such as the Switchboard for subsequent processing. CMDI Explorer hence adds functionality that many users felt was lacking from the CLARIN tool space.
Playing videogames is a popular social activity; people play videogames in different places, on different media, in different situations, alone or with partners, online or offline. Unsurprisingly, they thereby share space (physically or virtually) with other playing or non-playing people. The special issue investigates through different contexts and settings how non-players become participants of the gaming interaction and how players and non-players co-construct presence. The introduction provides a problem-related context for the individual contributions and then briefly presents them.
Communicative deviations of respondents in political video interviews in Ukrainian and German
(2021)
The research has the objective to establish the peculiarities of communicative deviations as a cognitive and at the same time discursive phenomenon in Ukrainian- and German-language video interviews from the viewpoint of respondents. The procedure of the research involves the integrated application of methods and techniques of pragmatics, deviatology and communicative linguistics. A new methodological basis has been developed for the reconstruction of communicative deviations using discourse analysis, namely for the reconstruction of a single event in two discursive environments, determining the communicative context and communication of interview in compared languages. The results of the research allow us to identify the features of communicative deviations in political interviews at the external, internal structural levels and at the situational level. The conclusions of the research indicate that the types of communicative deviations in political video interviews are universal in Ukrainian and German, but reflect national and cultural specifics given the peculiarities of both languages and each linguoculture, as well as existing realias, norms, conventions, maxims and rules of communication.
Dieser Beitrag präsentiert die neue multilinguale Ressource CoMParS (Collection of Multilingual Parallel Sequences). CoMParS versteht sich als eine funktional-semantisch orientierte Datenbank von Parallelsequenzen des Deutschen und anderer europäischer Sprachen, in der alle Daten neben den sprachspezifischen und universellen (im Sinne von Universal Dependencies) morphosyntaktischen Annotationen auch nach sprachübergreifenden funktional-semantischen Informationen auf der neudefinierten Annotationsebene Functional Domains annotiert und auf mehreren Ebenen (auch ebenenübergreifend) miteinander verlinkt sind. CoMParS wird in TEI P5 XML kodiert und sowohl als monolinguale wie auch als multilinguale Sprachressource modelliert.
This study analyzes how participants playing VR games construct co-presence and shared gameplay. The analysis focuses on instances of play where one person is wearing the VR equipment, and other participants are located nearby without the ability to directly interact with the game. We first show how the active player using the VR equipment draws on talk and embodied activity to signal their presence in the shared physical environment, while simultaneously conducting actions in the virtual space, and thus creates spaces for the other participants to take part in gameplay. Second, we describe how other participants draw on the contextual configurations of the moment in displaying co-presence and position themselves as active and consequential co-players. The analysis demonstrates how gameplay can be communicatively constructed even in situations where the participants have differential rights and possibilities to act and influence the game.
This introduction summarizes general issues combining lexicography and neology in the context of the Globalex Workshop on Lexicography and Neology series. We present each of the six papers composing this Special Issue, featuring two Slavic languages (Czech and Slovak) and two Romance ones (Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish in its European and Latin American varieties) and their diverse lexicographic research and representation, in specialized dictionaries of neologisms or general language ones, in monolingual, bilingual and multilingual lexical resources, and in print and digital dictionaries.
We reflect on the affordances and challenges of interactional data in the analysis of long-term institutional change. To this end we draw on our studies of direct encounters between journalists and politicians in news interviews and presidential news conferences and in particular the use of question design as a window into the evolution of journalistic norms and press-state relations over time and the causal antecedents of such change. All analyses that incorporate a concern with environing contexts of interactional change impose certain burdens of empirical demonstration on the researcher. Here we consider three analytic issues that arise in the kind of historical-institutional analysis we have been pursuing: (a) controlling for the situational context, (b) pinpointing the locus of change, and (c) validating indicators of change. Data are in English.
Our paper examines how bodily behavior contributes to the local meaning of OKAY. We explore the interplay between OKAY as response to informings and narratives and accompanying multimodal resources in German multi-party interaction. Based on informal and institutional conversations, we describe three different uses of OKAY with falling intonation and the recurrent multimodal patterns that are associated with them and that can be characterized as ‘multimodal gestalts’. We show that: 1. OKAY as a claim to sufficient understanding is typically accompanied by upward nodding; 2. OKAY after change-of-state tokens exhibits a recurrent pattern of up- and downward nodding with distinctive timing; and 3. OKAY closing larger activities is associated with gaze-aversion from the prior speaker.
Corona- und andere Partys
(2021)
Coronaparty, Jo-jo-Lockdown und Mask-have – Wortschatzerweiterung während des Corona-Stillstands
(2021)
Making research data publicly available for evaluation or reuse is a fundamental part of good scientific practice. However, regulations such as copyright law can prevent this practice and thereby hamper scientific progress. In Germany, text-based research disciplines have for a long time been mostly unable to publish corpora made from material outside of the public domain, effectively excluding contemporary works. While there are approaches to obfuscate text material in a way that it is no longer covered by the original copyright, many use cases still require the raw textual context for evaluation or follow-up research. Recent changes in copyright now permit text and data mining on copyrighted works. However, questions regarding reusability and sharing of such corpora at a later time are still not answered to a satisfying degree. We propose a workflow that allows interested third parties to access customized excerpts of protected corpora in accordance with current German copyright law and the soon to be implemented guidelines of the Digital Single Market directive. Our prototype is a very lightweight web interface that builds on commonly used repository software and web standards.
cOWIDplus Analyse ist eine kontinuierlich aktualisierte Ressource zu der Frage, ob und wie stark sich der Wortschatz ausgewählter deutscher Online-Pressemeldungen während der Corona-Pandemie systematisch einschränkt und ob bzw. wann sich das Vokabular nach der Krise wieder ausweitet. In diesem Artikel erläutern die Autor*innen die hinter der Ressource stehende Forschungsfrage, die zugrunde gelegten Daten, die Methode sowie die bisherigen Ergebnisse.
The human ability to anticipate upcoming behavior not only enables smooth turn transitions but also makes early responses possible, as respondents use a variety of cues that provide for early projection of the type of action that is being performed. This article examines resources for projection in interaction in three unrelated languages—Finnish, Japanese, and Mandarin—in sequences where speakers make evaluative assertions on a topic. The focus is on independently agreeing responses initiated in early overlap. Our cross-linguistic analysis reveals that while projection based on the ongoing turn-constructional unit relies on language-specific grammatical constructions, projection based on the larger context seems to be less language-dependent. A crucial finding is that in the target sequences, stances taken toward the topic already during earlier talk, as well as other structural patterns, are among the resources that recipients use for projecting how and when the ongoing turn will end.
Das 1901er-Regelwerk wird in einem direkten Vergleich mit dem geltenden amtlichen Regelwerk gemeinhin als defizitär eingestuft. Diese Einschätzung basiert auf der Annahme eines Primats des Regelteils. Der vorliegende Beitrag setzt hieran an und bestimmt auf der Basis der Festlegungen zur Getrennt- und Zusammenschreibung Funktion und Verhältnis von Regelteil und Wörterverzeichnis des ersten gesamtdeutschen Regelwerks in seinem historischen Entstehungskontext. Dabei zeigt sich, dass das Regelwerk von 1901 einen anderen Weg in der Kodifikation beschreitet; während im Regelteil Regularitäten aufgezeigt und Kriterien zur Schreibungsfindung an die Hand gegeben werden, erfolgt die Kodifikation rechtschreibschwieriger Fälle über das Wörterverzeichnis.