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This paper consists of a short analysis of the sources and the treatment of the legal lexicon in the first dictionary published by the Spanish Royal Academy (1726–1739), followed by a longer commentary on the representation and the treatment of the concept of judge, in which the reflection of the extralinguistic factors in the definitions stands in focus. The results highlight the relevance of the legal context of that era for the treatment of the lexicon related to the legal domain, but they also demonstrate the pattern in which the lexicographic data displays peculiarities of legal matters.
Anhand einer Auswahl historischer Reden je dreier prominenter Deutscher und Polen wird eine signalphonetisch gestützte sprachvergleichende Analyse der glottalen Markierung vokalinitialer Wörter durchgeführt.
Generell erweist sich die glottale Markierung als variabel entlang eines Kontinuums zwischen einem echten glottalen Verschlusslaut (harter Stimmeinsatz) des Initialvokals über zeitlich nicht exakt koordinierte Glottalisierungen (Knarrstimme) und leichte Reflexe im Grundfrequenzverlauf bis hin zum völligen Fehlen einer Markierung.
Insgesamt zeigen sich im Polnischen gegenüber dem Deutschen seltener glottale Markierungen sowie eine sprachübergreifende schwache Abhängigkeit der Markierungshäufigkeit vom Sprechtempo (weniger bei Sprechtempoerhöhung).
Die Auftretenshäufigkeit glottaler Markierung wird sprachabhängig zudem durch unterschiedliche Faktoren beeinflusst: Für das Deutsche zeigen sich signifikante Einflüsse sowohl des Worttyps (Inhaltswörter mit häufigerer Markierung gegenüber Funktionswörtern) als auch der Betonung (betonte Silben mit häufigerer Markierung gegenüber unbetonten), während im Polnischen hier kein Einfluss sichtbar ist. Dafür zeigt das Polnische gegenüber dem Deutschen einen signifikanten Einfluss der Position innerhalb der Phrase (häufigere glottale Markierung in phraseninitialen im Gegensatz zu phrasenmedialen Wörtern). Diese sprachspezifischen Unterschiede können mit den prosodischen Charakteristika beider Sprachen Zusammenhängen. Im Unterschied zum Deutschen mit einem freien Wortakzent fällt dieser im Polnischen auf die Penultima, ist somit vorhersagbar und bedarf demzufolge keiner zusätzlichen glottalen Markierung im Sprachsignal.
Beide Sprachen hingegen zeigen übereinstimmend einen klar ausgeprägten Effekt der Vokalhöhe auf das Auftreten der glottalen Markierung (tiefe Vokale > mittlere Vokale > hohe Vokale).
Pogled u e-leksikografiju
(2015)
U radu se daje pregled temeljnih pojmova i klasifikacija u području e-leksikografije. Donosi se klasifikacija e-rječnika, prikazuje se leksikografski proces izrade e-rječnika te pregled najraširenijih sustava za izradu rječnika (DWS) i sustava za pretragu korpusa (CQS). Kao primjer dobre prakse detaljnije se opisuje mrežni rječnik elexiko (Institut za njemački jezik u Mannheimu): prikazuju se njegovi ciljevi i namjena, teorijske i metodološke postavke, moduli te mogućnosti uporabe. Kao moguća osnova za izradu korpusno utemeljenoga e-rječnika hrvatskoga jezika koji bi bio u skladu s najrecentnijim leksikografskim (i uopće lingvističkim) teorijama i praksama prikazuje se rad na mrežnome leksičko-semantičkome repozitoriju hrvatskoga jezika (baza semantičkih okvira, predodžbenih shema, kognitivnih primitiva i leksičkih jedinica) u okviru projekta Repozitorij metafora hrvatskoga jezika.
Sprichwörter im Gebrauch
(2015)
Präpositionale Wortverbindungen (PWVs) und präpositionale lexikalisch geprägte Muster - speziell der Typ der binären Konstruktionen - sind ein in der (kontrastiven) Mehrwortforschung bislang kaum beachteter Typ, wie bereits mehrfach betont. Wenn in den deutschen PWVs die interne Stelle zwischen der Präposition und dem Nomen überproportional häufig nicht mit einem Artikel besetzt ist, ist bei solchen Kombinationen mit einem potenziell hohen Lexikalisierungsgrad zu rechnen. Solche PWVs kann man als autonome Einheiten auffassen, und dementsprechend soll man sie auch als feste Wortverbindungen untersuchen. Die formale und inhaltliche Grundlage für das kontrastive Modell bildet das UWV-Modell (vgl. Steyer 2000, 2013) und das Konzept lexikalisch geprägter Muster (siehe Steyer in diesem Band). Im Folgenden wird diese Herangehensweise auf die Äquivalenzfindung im Sprachenpaar Deutsch (DE) - Slowakisch (SK) angewendet. Einen zentralen Stellenwert nimmt die Kontrastierung von Kollokationsfeldern, von rekurrenten lexikalischen Erweiterungsmustern und komplexeren Wortverbindungsmuster ein. Es handelt sich um ein monodirektional angelegtes Modell Deutsch -> Fremdsprache, die korpusbasierte kontrastive Aufbereitung und Beschreibung schließt jedoch eine Bi- oder auch Multidirektionalität nicht aus. Die komplexe Äquivalenzproblematik und die entsprechenden Konvergenzen und Divergenzen werden in diesem Beitrag anhand folgender ausgewählter Kontrastbereiche im Vergleich Deutsch -> Zielsprache Slowakisch diskutiert: a) Verhältnis des deutschen Lemmas zu seinem prototypischen Äquivalent bzw. den prototypischen Äquivalenten, b) Bedeutung(en) und Gebrauchsspezifika der PWVs, c) interne und externe Variabilität der zugrundeliegenden Muster der PWVs und ihrer äquivalenten PWV-Muster; d) typische Einbettungen der äquivalenten PWVs in Satzkonstruktionen und semantische Merkmale verbaler Satelliten.
Einige Fälle von Homonymie
(1967)
Moderne Grammatiktheorien sind statisch, d.h. skriptizistisch und synchronizistisch. Dies bedeutet, dass deren Beschreibungsapparat auf die Strukturen gegenwärtiger Schrift- und Standardsprachen zugeschnitten ist. Im Beitrag wird für einen dynamischen, d.h. nichtskriptizistischen und nichtsynchronizistischen, Perspektivenwechsel in der Grammatikforschung plädiert, der auf folgenden empirisch fundierten Überlegungen basiert:
1. Literalisierung ist eine kulturelle Universalie, die kognitiv verankert ist.
2. Es sind unterschiedliche Phasen der Literalisierung zu unterscheiden.
3. Literalisierung im Allgemeinen und die Phasen der Literalisierung im Besonderen haben Konsequenzen für die grammatische Struktur.
4. Die Interpretation von grammatischen Strukturen ist nur vor der Folie der jeweiligen Phase der Literalisierung möglich.
5. Ein dynamisches Grammatikmodell muss das historische Verhältnis auch begrifflich abbilden. Dies wird an zentralen grammatischen Konzepten wie Aggregation vs. Integration, Wortgruppe vs. Phase und an der Wortstellung (Verbklammer, Stellungsfeldermodell, Satzrandglieder) veranschaulicht.
6. Historisch ist von einem dynamischen Verhältnis von Online- und Offlinesyntax, von syntaktischer Zeitlichkeit und syntaktischer Räumlichkeit, auszugehen. Was zu einer bestimmten Zeit und in einer bestimmten Varietät als Onlinestruktur zu interpretieren ist, hängt von dem jeweiligen historischen Verhältnis von Online- und Offlinestrukturen ab.
Der Blick auf die Syntax und generell auf die Grammatik ist traditionell aszendent, 'von unten nach oben' gerichtet: Einer Wortgrammatik folgt eine Satzgrammatik und dieser eventuell eine Textgrammatik. Doch wir schreiben und sprechen weder in Wörtern noch in Sätzen, sondern wir produzieren Texte und Gespäche. Deshalb musste auch der diametral entgegengesetzte Blick, der zu einer deszendenten Grammatik fuhrt, möglich sein. Eine solche Grammatik liegt mit der Grammatischen Textanalyse (= GTA), einer funktionalen Syntax des Gegenwartsdeutschen vor, die das grammatische System 'von oben nach unten' - von der Text- (Textglieder) über die Satz- (Satzglieder) zur Wortgruppenebene (Wortgruppenglieder) - modelliert. Im Beitrag werden Grundlagen und Leitbegriffe der GTA vorgestellt und an ausgewählten Phänomenen exemplifiziert.
Ergänzungssätze
(1977)
The Component MetaData Infrastructure (CMDI) is a framework for the creation and usage of metadata formats to describe all kinds of resources in the CLARIN world. To better connect to the library world, and to allow librarians to enter metadata for linguistic resources into their catalogues, a crosswalk from CMDI-based formats to bibliographic standards is required. The general and rather fluid nature of CMDI, however, makes it hard to map arbitrary CMDI schemas to metadata standards such as Dublin Core (DC) or MARC 21, which have a mature, well-defined and fixed set of field descriptors. In this paper, we address the issue and propose crosswalks between CMDI-based profiles originating from the NaLiDa project and DC and MARC 21, respectively.
The ISOcat registry reloaded
(2012)
The linguistics community is building a metadata-based infrastructure for the description of its research data and tools. At its core is the ISOcat registry, a collaborative platform to hold a (to be standardized) set of data categories (i.e., field descriptors). Descriptors have definitions in natural language and little explicit interrelations. With the registry growing to many hundred entries, authored by many, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the rather informal definitions and their glossary-like design make it hard for users to grasp, exploit and manage the registry’s content. In this paper, we take a large subset of the ISOcat term set and reconstruct from it a tree structure following the footsteps of schema.org. Our ontological re-engineering yields a representation that gives users a hierarchical view of linguistic, metadata-related terminology. The new representation adds to the precision of all definitions by making explicit information which is only implicitly given in the ISOcat registry. It also helps uncovering and addressing potential inconsistencies in term definitions as well as gaps and redundancies in the overall ISOcat term set. The new representation can serve as a complement to the existing ISOcat model, providing additional support for authors and users in browsing, (re-)using, maintaining, and further extending the community’s terminological metadata repertoire.
This study investigated whether an analysis of narrative style (word use and cross-clausal syntax) of patients with symptoms of generalised anxiety and depression disorders can help predict the likelihood of successful participation in guided self-help. Texts by 97 people who had made contact with a primary care mental health service were analysed. Outcome measures were completion of the guided self-help programme, and change in symptoms assessed by a standardised scale (CORE-OM). Regression analyses indicated that some aspects of participants' syntax helped to predict completion of the programme, and that aspects of syntax and word use helped to predict improvement of symptoms. Participants using non-finite complement clauses with above-average frequency were four times more likely to complete the programme (95% confidence interval 1.4 to 11.7) than other participants. Among those who completed, the use of causation words and complex syntax (adverbial clauses) predicted improvement, accounting for 50% of the variation in well-being benefit. These results suggest that the analysis of narrative style can provide useful information for assessing the likelihood of success of individuals participating in a mental health guided self-help programme.
In their analysis of methods that participants use to manage the realization of practical courses of action, Kendrick and Drew (2016/this issue) focus on cases of assistance, where the need to be addressed is Self’s, and Other lends a helping hand. In our commentary, we point to other forms of cooperative engagement that are ubiquitously recruited in interaction. Imperative requests characteristically expect compliance on the grounds of Other’s already established commitment to a wider and shared course of actions. Established commitments can also provide the engine behind recruitment sequences that proceed nonverbally. And forms of cooperative engagement that are well glossed as assistance can nevertheless be demonstrably oriented to established commitments. In sum, we find commitment to shared courses of action to be an important element in the design and progression of certain recruitment sequences, where the involvement of Other is best defined as contribution. The commentary highlights the importance of interdependent orientations in the organization of cooperation. Data are in German, Italian, and Polish.
How to propose an action as an objective necessity. The case of Polish trzeba x (‘one needs to x’)
(2011)
The present study demonstrates that language-specific grammatical resources can afford speakers language-specific ways of organizing cooperative practical action. On the basis of video recordings of Polish families in their homes, we describe action affordances of the Polish impersonal modal declarative construction trzeba x (“one needs to x”) in the accomplishment of everyday domestic activities, such as cutting bread, bringing recalcitrant children back to the dinner table, or making phone calls. Trzeba-x turns in first position are regularly chosen by speakers to point to a possible action as an evident necessity for the furthering of some broader ongoing activity. Such turns in first position provide an environment in which recipients can enact shared responsibility by actively involving themselves in the relevant action. Treating the necessity as not restricted to any particular subject, aligning responsive actions are oriented to when the relevant action will be done, not whether it will be done. We show that such sequences are absent from English interactions by analyzing (a) grammatically similar turn formats in English interaction (“we need to x,” “the x needs to y”), and (b) similar interactive environments in English interactions. We discuss the potential of this research to point to a new avenue for researchers interested in the relationship between language diversity and diversity in human action and cognition.
The authors compare the use of two formats for requesting an object in informal everyday interaction: imperatives, common in our Polish data, and second-person polar questions, common in our English data. Imperatives and polar questions are selected in the same interactional “home environments” across the languages, in which they enact two social actions: drawing on shared responsibility and enlisting assistance, respectively. Speakers across the languages differ in their choice of request format in “mixed” interactional environments that support either. The finding shed light on the orderly ways in which cultural diversity is grounded in invariants of action formation.
Discourse metaphors
(2008)
The article introduces the notion of discourse metaphor, relatively stable metaphorical mappings that function as a key framing device within a particular discourse over a certain period of time. Discourse metaphors are illustrated by case studies from three lines of research: on the cultural imprint of metaphors, on the negotiation of metaphors and on cross-linguistic occurrence. The source concepts of discourse metaphors refer to phenomenologically salient real or fictitious objects that are part of interactional space (i.e., can be pointed at, like MACHINES or HOUSES) and/or occupy an important place in cultural imagination. Discourse metaphors change both over time and across the discourses where they are used. The implications of focussing on different types of source domains for our thinking about the embodiment and sociocultural situatedness of metaphor is discussed, with particular reference to recent developments in Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Research on discourse suggests that situatedness is a crucial factor in the functioning and dynamics of metaphor.
The article discusses the possibilities and challenges of combining conversation analysis and ethnography in the study of everyday family life. We argue that such a combination requires the decision whether to prioritise interaction data or ethno-graphic (in particular, interview) data in the analysis. We present a conversation analytic case study of how household work is commonly brought up in the interactions of one couple and bring this to bear on a re-analysis of a possible conflict situation originally described in the ethnographic analysis by Klein, Izquierdo, and Bradbury (2007), published in this journal. While the findings of the two analyses converge, they inform us about different dimensions of couple interaction. The ethnographic analysis is focused on participants’ experiences, and the conversation analysis is focused on participants’ practices. We conclude that the methodological decision to prioritise interaction or interview data has consequences for the kind of questions we can ask.
Psychological research has emphasized the importance of narrative for a person’s sense of self. Building a coherent narrative of past events is one objective of psychotherapy. However, in guided self-help therapy the patient has to develop this narrative autonomously. Identifying patients’ narrative skills in relation to psychological distress could provide useful information about their suitability for self-help. The aim of this study was to explore whether the syntactic integration of clauses into narrative in texts written by prospective psychotherapy patients was related to mild to moderate psychological distress. Cross-clausal syntax of texts by 97 people who had contacted a primary care mental health service was analyzed. Severity of symptoms associated with mental health difficulties was assessed by a standardized scale (Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation outcome measure). Cross-clausal syntactic integration was negatively correlated with the severity of symptoms. A multiple regression analysis confirmed that the use of simple sentences, finite complement clauses, and coordinated clauses was associated with symptoms (R2 = .26). The results suggest that the analysis of cross-clausal syntax can provide information on patients’ narrative skills in relation to distressing events and can therefore provide additional information to support treatment decisions.
Cognitive linguists have long been interested in analogies people habitually use in thinking and speaking, but little is known about the nature of the relationship between verbal behaviour and such analogical schemas. This article proposes that discourse metaphors are an important link between the two. Discourse metaphors are verbal expressions containing a construction that evokes an analogy negotiated in the discourse community. Results of an analysis of metaphors in a corpus of newspaper texts support the prediction that regular analogies are form-specific, i.e., bound to particular lexical items. Implications of these results for assumptions about the generality of habitual analogies are discussed.
This article explores the role that metaphors play in the ideological interpretation of events. Research in cognitive linguistics has brought rich evidence of the enormous influence that body experience has on (metaphorical) conceptualization. However, the role of the cultural net in which an individual is embedded has mostly been neglected. As a step towards the integration of cultural experience into the experientialist framework in cognitive metaphor research I propose to differentiate two ideal types of motivation for metaphor: correlation and intertextuality. Evidence for the important role that intertextual metaphors play in ideological discourse comes from an analysis of Polish newspaper discourse on the tenth anniversary of the end of communism.
This article discusses possibilities for an elaboration of cognitive linguistic metaphor theory that takes into account the sociocultural situatedness of language and cognition. The approach of the Ethnolinguistic School of Lublin, linking anthropological with cognitive perspectives on language, is introduced. The objectives of the article are i) to introduce this line of research, well-known in linguistics in Eastern Europe, but little known in the “Western”, English speaking scientific discourse; ii) to illustrate the usefulness of particular ideas within this approach for metaphor analysis in a corpus study of the metaphorical understanding of system transformation in German public discourse in the late 1980s and early 1990s; and iii) to discuss diverging elaborations of the notion of experience in cognitive linguistics, contrasting the Ethnolinguistic School of Lublin with Conceptual Metaphor Theory.
Die Arbeit behandelt die alltägliche Kreativität des Menschen, seine Fähigkeit, etwas metaphorisch als etwas anderes zu sehen und so komplexen Zusammenhängen der sozialen und kulturellen Welt einen Sinn zu geben. Sie trägt bei zur theoretischen Grundlegung für die kontrastive Analyse von Metaphernsystemen unterschiedlicher Sprachen im DFG-Projekt "Interkulturelle Analyse der Struktur kollektiver Vorstellungswelten", das von 2000 - 2002 an der Universität Bielefeld angesiedelt war. Theoretische Überlegungen zur Einbeziehung soziokultureller Aspekte in die Kognitive Metapherntheorie bilden Teil I der Arbeit. Teil II bilden Beispielanalysen der kulturellen Imagination von Raum (Europa) und Zeit (Ende des Kommunismus).
This book analyses requests for action on the basis of natural video-recorded data of everyday interaction in British English and Polish families. Jorg Zinken describes in his analyses the features of interactional context that people across cultures might be sensitive to in designing a request, as well as aspects of cultural diversity.
This study analyses the use of the Polish wez- V2 (take-V2) double imperative to request here-and-now actions. The analysis is based on a collection of approximately 40 take-V2 double imperatives, which was built from a corpus of 10 hours of video recordings of everyday interactions (preparing and having meals, playing with children, etc.) taking place in the homes of Polish families. A sequential analysis of these data shows that the take-V2 construction is commonly selected in situations where the request recipient could be expected to already be attending to the relevant business (e.g., because they committed to this earlier in the interaction), but isn’t. By selecting the take-V2 format, the request speaker reanimates the recipient´s responsibility for the matter at hand.
This paper introduces a method for computer-based analyses of metaphor in discourse, combining quantitative and qualitative elements. This method is illustrated with data from research on German newspaper discourse concerning the ongoing system transformations of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Methodological aspects of the research procedure are discussed and it is argued that quantitative elements can enhance comparability in cross-cultural and cross-lingual research. Some basic findings of the research are presented. The peculiarities of the German Wende discourse - especially the salience of a passive perspective on the ongoing political and social changes - are outlined.
Conduit metaphor
(2011)
Punkt widzenia (lub angielski odpowiednik point of view) to ważne pojęcie we współczesnej lingwistyce kognitywnej. W artykule tym argumentuję, że pojęcie to jest obecnie używane do oznaczenia jakościowo różnych zjawisk: punktów widzenia utrwalonych na poziomie systemu oraz punktu widzenia mówiącego. Przedstawiam przykłady dla każdego z tych poziomów. Na zakończenie jest podjęta eksplikacja podobieństw i różnic pomiędzy tymi dwoma zastosowaniami pojęcia punkt widzenia. Taka eksplikacja wydaje mi się ważna dla jasności teoretycznych narzędzi lingwistyki kognitywnej.
‘Linguistic relativity’ has become a major keyword in debates on the psychological significance of language diversity. In this context, the term ‘relativity’ was originally taken on loan from Einstein’s then-recent theories by Edward Sapir (1924) and Benjamin L. Whorf (1940). The present paper assesses how far the idea of linguistic relativity does analogically build on relevant insights in modern physics, and fails to find any substantial analogies. The term was used rhetorically by Sapir and Whorf, and has since been incorporated into a cognitivist research programme that seeks to answer whether ‘language influences thought’. Contemporary research on ‘linguistic relativity’ has developed into a distinct way of studying language diversity, which shares a lot with the universalistic cognitivist framework it opposes, but little with relational approaches in science.
W artykule przedstawiono analizç struktury metaforycznej polskich dyskursów na temat konca komunizmu panst wowego. Analizç przeprowadzono w oparciu o bazç danych, zawierajqcq 1008 metafor pochodzqcych z tekstów prasowych z 1999 roku, upamiçtniajqcych wazne wydarzenia z 1989 roku. Jak siç okazuje, struktury metaforyczne róznych dyskursów wyrazajq i utrwalajq ideologjcznie uksztaltowane interpretacje historii. Szczegolowiej badano interpretacje metaforyczne dwóch zjawisk: zachowania siç przedstawicieli wladzy i opozycji przy Okrqglym Stole oraz pytania o ciqglosc historii. Te dwa zjawiska — których konceptualizacja gra waznq rolç w okreáleniu autostereotypu Polaka w III RP — sq interpretowane za pomocq róznego rodzaju metafor. Metaforyczne rozumienie ciqglosci historii da siç analizowac za pomocq tak zwanej „konceptualnej teorii metafory" LakofFa i Johnsona. Natomiast zachowania komunistów i opozycjonistów sq. interpretowane za pomoc^ metafor intertekstualnych. Sq one skonstruowane nie na podstawie doswiadczenia cielesnego, lecz doswiadczenia specyficznego dia danej kultury. Wydaje siç zatem, ze ksztaltowanie róznego rodzaju pojçc w dyskursie aktywizuje rózne strefy bazy doswiadczeniowej.