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Der Beitrag beschreibt ein mehrfach annotiertes Korpus deutschsprachiger Songtexte als Datenbasis für interdisziplinäre Untersuchungsszenarien. Die Ressource erlaubt empirisch begründete Analysen sprachlicher Phänomene, systemischstruktureller Wechselbeziehungen und Tendenzen in den Texten moderner Popmusik. Vorgestellt werden Design und Annotationen des in thematische und autorenspezifische Archive stratifizierten Korpus sowie deskriptive Statistiken am Beispiel des Udo-Lindenberg-Archivs.
Статтю присвячено дослідженню комунікативних невдач у мовленнєвому жанрі відеоінтерв’ю крізь призму української національної ідентичності. Визначено тематику, типи і жанрово-мовну специфіку українського відеоінтерв’ю як зразка діалогічного мовлення. Встановлено специфіку комунікативних невдач у цьому жанрі (зі спортсменами, політиками і культурними діячами) з огляду на позиції комунікантів, структурні рівні досліджуваного жанру та максими спілкування.
The article deals with communicative failures of journalists in “YouTube” celebrity video interviews in the Ukrainian and German linguacultures from the point of view of social interaction and the theory of speech genres at all structural levels of the communicative genre construction, establishing common and distinctive features in both linguacultures. The analysis made it possible to conclude that behind a language (speech) failure there is a violation caused by a journalist, a respondent, or an external noise.
Wird aus Sprache Gewalt?
(2019)
Nach dem Mord am Kasseler Regierungspräsidenten Walter Lübcke und weiteren Mordanschlägen in der jüngsten Vergangenheit wurde in Kommentaren und Stellungnahmen immer wieder behauptet, dass hier Sprache in Gewalt umgeschlagen sei. Dies ist einerseits naheliegend vor dem Hintergrund dessen, was wir über die Täter und ihre Äußerungen wissen. Was aber sagt die Wissenschaft dazu? Wie ist aus sprach- und kommunikationswissenschaftlicher Sicht dieser angenommene Zusammenhang zu bewerten?
This paper reports on the latest developments of the European Reference Corpus EuReCo and the German Reference Corpus in relation to three of the most important CMLC topics: interoperability, collaboration on corpus infrastructure building, and legal issues. Concerning interoperability, we present new ways to access DeReKo via KorAP on the API and on the plugin level. In addition we report about advancements in the EuReCo- and ICC-initiatives with the provision of comparable corpora, and about recent problems with license acquisitions and our solution approaches using an indemnification clause and model licenses that include scientific exploitation.
Forms of verbal violence, such as Hate Speech and Cyberbullying, currently are issues with high societal relevance. In the social discourse they are associated with brutalization of social interaction. Against this background it is necessary to integrate the topic into school lessons. This chapter outlines a teaching unit on verbal violence in the digital age. It has been developed together with students and can therefore be used in German classes but it is also relevant for use in academic teaching.
Im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Untersuchung stehen ausgewählte deutschsprachige Werbeslogans mit hohem Wiedererkennungswert und einer Tendenz zur Usualisierung im aktuellen Sprachgebrauch. Ihre angesichts des häufigen Gebrauchs durch zahlreiche Sprecher begründete bzw. angenommene lexikalische Verfestigung wird korpusinformiert anhand umfangreicher elektronischer Korpora validiert und rekonstruiert. Für die Beschreibung ihrer Verwendungsspezifik als eigenständige satzwertige Wortschatzeinheiten außerhalb der Domäne Werbung wird das Modell der usuellen Wortverbindungen sowie die korpuslinguistische Methodologie angewendet und mit weiteren qualitativen und quantitativen Methoden gekoppelt. In den detaillierten lexikografischen Beschreibungen ausgewählter Slogans werden sprachliche, kontextuelle und funktionale Aspekte dargestellt und die Mikrodiachronie ihres Gebrauchs in Zeitverlaufsgrafiken illustriert.
In this paper, we present WebAnno-MM, an extension of the popular web-based annotation tool WebAnno, which is designed for the linguistic annotation of transcribed spoken data with time aligned media files. Several new features have been implemented for our current use case: a novel teaching method based on pair-wise manual annotation of transcribed video data and systematic comparison of agreement between students. To enable the annotation of transcribed spoken language data, apart from technical and data model related challenges, WebAnno-MM offers an additional view to data: a (musical) score view for the inspection of parallel utterances, which is relevant for various methodological research questions regarding the analysis of interactions of spoken content.
Vorwort
(2019)
Nach dem Mord am Kasseler Regierungspräsidenten Walter Lübcke und weiteren Mordanschlägen in der jüngsten Vergangenheit wurde in Kommentaren und Stellungnahmen immer wieder behauptet, dass hier Sprache in Gewalt umgeschlagen sei. Dies ist einerseits naheliegend vor dem Hintergrund dessen, was wir über die Täter und ihre Äußerungen wissen. Was aber sagt die Wissenschaft dazu?
Variation im Sprachgebrauch - 'angenommen' und 'vorausgesetzt' als einbettende Prädikatsausdrücke
(2019)
In this paper, we describe a data processing pipeline used for annotated spoken corpora of Uralic languages created in the INEL (Indigenous Northern Eurasian Languages) project. With this processing pipeline we convert the data into a loss-less standard format (ISO/TEI) for long-term preservation while simultaneously enabling a powerful search in this version of the data. For each corpus, the input we are working with is a set of files in EXMARaLDA XML format, which contain transcriptions, multimedia alignment, morpheme segmentation and other kinds of annotation. The first step of processing is the conversion of the data into a certain subset of TEI following the ISO standard ’Transcription of spoken language’ with the help of an XSL transformation. The primary purpose of this step is to obtain a representation of our data in a standard format, which will ensure its long-term accessibility. The second step is the conversion of the ISO/TEI files to a JSON format used by the “Tsakorpus” search platform. This step allows us to make the corpora available through a web-based search interface. As an addition, the existence of such a converter allows other spoken corpora with ISO/TEI annotation to be made accessible online in the future.
We propose a Cross-lingual Encoder-Decoder model that simultaneously translates and generates sentences with Semantic Role Labeling annotations in a resource-poor target language. Unlike annotation projection techniques, our model does not need parallel data during inference time. Our approach can be applied in monolingual, multilingual and cross-lingual settings and is able to produce dependencybased and span-based SRL annotations. We benchmark the labeling performance of our model in different monolingual and multilingual settings using well-known SRL datasets. We then train our model in a cross-lingual setting to generate new SRL labeled data. Finally, we measure the effectiveness of our method by using the generated data to augment the training basis for resource-poor languages and perform manual evaluation to show that it produces high-quality sentences and assigns accurate semantic role annotations. Our proposed architecture offers a flexible method for leveraging SRL data in multiple languages.
We report on a new project building a Natural Language Processing resource for Zulu by making use of resources already available. Combining tagging results with the results of morphological analysis semi-automatically, we expect to reduce the amount of manual work when generating a finely-grained gold standard corpus usable for training a tagger. From the tagged corpus, we plan to extract verb-argument pairs with the aim of compiling a verb valency lexicon for Zulu.
Looking at gestures as a means for communication, they can serve conversational participants at several levels. As co-speech gestures, they can add information to the verbally expressed content and they can serve to manage turn-taking. In order to look closer at the interplay between these resources in face-to face conversation, we annotated hand gestures, syntactic completion points and the related turn-organisation, and measured the timing of gesture strokes and their lexical/phrasal referent. In a case study on German, we observe the trend that speakers vary less in gesturelexis on- and offsets when keeping the turn after syntactic completions than at speaker changes, backchannel or other locations of a conversation. This indicates that timing properties of non-verbal cues interact with verbal cues to manage turn-taking.
As the Web ought to be considered as a series of sources rather than as a source in itself, a problem facing corpus construction resides in meta-information and categorization. In addition, we need focused data to shed light on particular subfields of the digital public sphere. Blogs are relevant to that end, especially if the resulting web texts can be extracted along with metadata and made available in coherent and clearly describable collections.
In an earlier publication it was claimed that there is no useful relationship between Swahili-English dictionary look-up frequencies and the occurrence frequencies for the same wordforms in Swahili-English corpora, at least not beyond the top few thousand wordforms. This result was challenged using data for German by a different team of researchers using an improved methodology. In the present article the original Swahili-English data is revisited, using ten years’ worth of it rather than just two, and using the improved methodology. We conclude that there is indeed a positive relationship. In addition, we show that online dictionary look-up behaviour is remarkably similar across languages, even when, as in our case, one is dealing with languages from very dissimilar language families. Furthermore, online dictionaries turn out to have minimum look-up success rates, below which they simply cannot go. These minima are language-sensitive and vary depending on the regularity of the searched-for entries, but are otherwise constant no matter the size of randomly sampled dictionaries. Corpus-informed sampling always improves on any random method. Lastly, from the point of view of the graphical user interface, we argue that the average user of an online bilingual dictionary is better served with a single search box, rather than separate search boxes for each dictionary side.
This paper analyzes the LL in the city of Bautzen / Budyšin in Germany, a town which is frequently considered the “capital” of the Slavonic minority of the Sorbs. It focuses on the societal role of Sorbian in relation to practices and ideologies of mainstream German society. The vast majority of signs in Bautzen / Budyšin are in German only. Sorbian is essentially restricted to explicitly Sorbian institutions and to local and regional administration. Interviews conducted in shops and on the streets reveal that paternalistic attitudes common to perceptions of language policies and minority languages in Germany dominate; practices maintain the common monolingual habitus in German society. Members of the majority population show little awareness of Sorbian issues, and Sorbian signage is seen as a generous gesture but considered essentially unnecessary. Only in most recent times, a reaction by the Sorbian community has challenged these practices and attitudes.
Nearly all of the very large corpora of English are “static”, which allows a wide range of one-time, pre-processed data, such as collocates. The challenge comes with large “dynamic” corpora, which are updated regularly, and where preprocessing is much more difficult. This paper provides an overview of the NOW corpus (News on the Web), which is currently 8.2 billion words in size, and which grows by about 170 million words each month. We discuss the architecture of NOW, and provide many examples that show how data from NOW can (uniquely) be extracted to look at a wide range of ongoing changes in English.
Studying Lexical Dynamics and Language Change via Generalized Entropies: The Problem of Sample Size
(2019)
Recently, it was demonstrated that generalized entropies of order α offer novel and important opportunities to quantify the similarity of symbol sequences where α is a free parameter. Varying this parameter makes it possible to magnify differences between different texts at specific scales of the corresponding word frequency spectrum. For the analysis of the statistical properties of natural languages, this is especially interesting, because textual data are characterized by Zipf’s law, i.e., there are very few word types that occur very often (e.g., function words expressing grammatical relationships) and many word types with a very low frequency (e.g., content words carrying most of the meaning of a sentence). Here, this approach is systematically and empirically studied by analyzing the lexical dynamics of the German weekly news magazine Der Spiegel (consisting of approximately 365,000 articles and 237,000,000 words that were published between 1947 and 2017). We show that, analogous to most other measures in quantitative linguistics, similarity measures based on generalized entropies depend heavily on the sample size (i.e., text length). We argue that this makes it difficult to quantify lexical dynamics and language change and show that standard sampling approaches do not solve this problem. We discuss the consequences of the results for the statistical analysis of languages.
Sprechen im Umbruch. Zeitzeugen erzählen und argumentieren rund um den Fall der Mauer im Wendekorpus
(2019)
Man muss glaube ich unterscheiden. Poetisch zu sein ist das eine, literarisch das andere. Das lässt sich auch auf die zugehörigen schwierigen Substantive beziehen, die Literarizität und die Poetizität. Und dann kann man auch über die poetische Funktion nachdenken, einem Postulat aus der Ergänzung der Bühler’schen Funktionstrias im Kontext des Prager Funktionalismus, die wir Roman Jakobson verdanken. Dass man unterscheiden muss, gilt vor allem oder auch noch mehr in einer nicht mehr (so) regelgeleiteten Moderne – und für eine sprachwissenschaftlich basierte Antwort.
Für das Deutsche gibt es keine staatliche Institution, abgesehen vom Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung, die den politischen Auftrag hat, sprachliche Normierung und schließlich die Standardisierung einer Nationalsprache legitimiert zu begleiten. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in dem Artikel die verschiedenen nichtstaatlichen Sprachinstitutionen im Deutschen dargelegt. Im deutschen Sprachraum waren die Sprachakademien der Nachbarländer stets Vorbild, herausgebildet haben sich aber vor allem Sprachgesellschaften und Sprachvereine, die sich sprachkultivierend einbrachten.
Although the N400 was originally discovered in a paradigm designed to elicit a P300 (Kutas and Hillyard, 1980), its relationship with the P300 and how both overlapping event-related potentials (ERPs) determine behavioral profiles is still elusive. Here we conducted an ERP (N = 20) and a multiple-response speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) experiment (N = 16) on distinct participant samples using an antonym paradigm (The opposite of black is white/nice/yellow with acceptability judgment). We hypothesized that SAT profiles incorporate processes of task-related decision-making (P300) and stimulus-related expectation violation (N400). We replicated previous ERP results (Roehm et al., 2007): in the correct condition (white), the expected target elicits a P300, while both expectation violations engender an N400 [reduced for related (yellow) vs. unrelated targets (nice)]. Using multivariate Bayesian mixed-effects models, we modeled the P300 and N400 responses simultaneously and found that correlation between residuals and subject-level random effects of each response window was minimal, suggesting that the components are largely independent. For the SAT data, we found that antonyms and unrelated targets had a similar slope (rate of increase in accuracy over time) and an asymptote at ceiling, while related targets showed both a lower slope and a lower asymptote, reaching only approximately 80% accuracy. Using a GLMM-based approach (Davidson and Martin, 2013), we modeled these dynamics using response time and condition as predictors. Replacing the predictor for condition with the averaged P300 and N400 amplitudes from the ERP experiment, we achieved identical model performance. We then examined the piecewise contribution of the P300 and N400 amplitudes with partial effects (see Hohenstein and Kliegl, 2015). Unsurprisingly, the P300 amplitude was the strongest contributor to the SAT-curve in the antonym condition and the N400 was the strongest contributor in the unrelated condition. In brief, this is the first demonstration of how overlapping ERP responses in one sample of participants predict behavioral SAT profiles of another sample. The P300 and N400 reflect two independent but interacting processes and the competition between these processes is reflected differently in behavioral parameters of speed and accuracy.
Speech planning is a sophisticated process. In dialog, it regularly starts in overlap with an incoming turn by a conversation partner. We show that planning spoken responses in overlap with incoming turns is associated with higher processing load than planning in silence. In a dialogic experiment, participants took turns with a confederate describing lists of objects. The confederate’s utterances (to which participants responded) were pre-recorded and varied in whether they ended in a verb or an object noun and whether this ending was predictable or not. We found that response planning in overlap with sentence-final verbs evokes larger task-evoked pupillary responses, while end predictability had no effect. This finding indicates that planning in overlap leads to higher processing load for next speakers in dialog and that next speakers do not proactively modulate the time course of their response planning based on their predictions of turn endings. The turn-taking system exerts pressure on the language processing system by pushing speakers to plan in overlap despite the ensuing increase in processing load.
Special Issue: Mobile Medienpraktiken im Spannungsfeld von Öffentlichkeit, Privatheit und Anonymität
(2019)
This paper investigates self-initiated uses of mobile phones (such as texting or making a call) in everyday video-recorded conversations among Czech speakers. Using ethnomethodological conversation analysis, it illustrates how participants publicly frame their own device use (for example, by announcements), and how co-present interlocutors respond to it. Previous studies have described how participants manage two concurrent communicative involvements, but have not provided detailed sequential descriptions of how device use can be negotiated and accounted for. This study shows that mobile device use in co-presence is not a priori problematic (or vice versa). Instead, participants frame their technology use in different ways according to various features of the social situation they treat as momentarily relevant. These features include the course of the conversation and how the device use relates to it, the overall participation framework and the opacity of the device use for co-present others.
You might not know what a “smombie” is, but you have certainly already met one today. In public streets and places, the so-called “smartphone zombies” regularly cross our ways. They walk slowly, in peculiar ways, their eyes and fingers focused on their smartphone displays. While some cities have already introduced specific walking lanes or ground-level traffic signs for smartphone users “on the go”, it is not only road safety that is at stake. Frequently hunching over our phones causes cervical pain, we are addicted to likes on social media, and the fear of missing out prevents us from switching off our phones. If asked if mobile device use is possibly harmful to our bodies and minds, most people would spontaneously agree. Our social skills seem to constantly diminish since smartphones have become an everyday tool: we stick to them like glue while waiting for the bus, while walking, while eating, even while being with others. Will we turn into social zombies in the end?
This paper focuses on so called syntactic projection phenomena in the German language. This term from the German Gesprächsforschung is used to define the fact that an utterance or part of it foreshadows another one. This paper aims at pointing out how such projection phenomena are consciously exploited for rhethorical purposes. This will be observed on the basis of excerpts from the Stuttgart 21 mediation talks. The linguistic analysis carried out in this paper will focus on syntactic projection phenomena involving the use of causal adverbial connectives deshalb and deswegen.
Untersuchungsgegenstand dieser Arbeit sind retrospektive Äußerungen, d.h. Nachfragen und fremdinitiierte Erweiterungen, die an den Sprecher der Ausgangsäußerung gerichtet sind. In der Forschung werden Nachfragen und Erweiterungen meist unabhängig voneinander mit unterschiedlichen Funktionen beschrieben. Die vorliegende Untersuchung setzt sich mit den gemeinsamen Eigenschaften beider Äußerungsformate auseinander, unabhängig von ihren deklarativen und interrogativen Merkmalen. Im Rahmen der Triangulation werden die Methode der Konversationsanalyse und die Annahmen der Relevanztheorie verbunden, um zu beschreiben, wie Sprecher in retrospektiven Äußerungen auf inhaltlicher Ebene mit den Informationen aus vorhergehenden Redebeiträgen umgehen. Primäre Datengrundlage sind die narrativen Interviews des Berliner Wendekorpus, ca. 60 Stunden gesprochenes Deutsch. Die Arbeit analysiert die grammatischen und lexikalischen Mittel, mit denen Sprecher bei der Bedeutungskonstruktion epistemische Unterstützung zum Ausdruck bringen. Weitere Analyseebenen sind die grammatische Kohärenz retrospektiver Äußerungen als evidentiale Strategie und die Ähnlichkeitsrelationen zwischen der interpretativen Annahme und den jeweiligen Bezugskomponenten.
Resistance and adaptation to newspeakerness in educational institutions: two tales from Estonia
(2019)
The term ‘new speaker’ has recently emerged as an attempt by sociolinguists not only to understand the diferent types of speaker profles that can be found in contemporary societies, but also to grasp the underlying processes of becoming a legitimate speaker in a given society. In this article, we combine the results from two studies situated in two educational institutions in Estonia in order to fnd out about speakers’ language attitudes and experiences in connection to learning and using Estonian. We concentrate on members of the international community who have relatively recently arrived to the country. Our results indicate that these speakers fuctuate between two prototypical discourses, which we broadly dub as ‘resistance’ and ‘adaptation’ to newspeakerness. Our study thereby adds to current debates on ‘new speaker’ and language policy issues by illustrating how tensions around language legitimacy are played out on the ground in a small nation state such as Estonia.
This contribution presents a quantitative approach to speech, thought and writing representation (ST&WR) and steps towards its automatic detection. Automatic detection is necessary for studying ST&WR in a large number of texts and thus identifying developments in form and usage over time and in different types of texts. The contribution summarizes results of a pilot study: First, it describes the manual annotation of a corpus of short narrative texts in relation to linguistic descriptions of ST&WR. Then, two different techniques of automatic detection – a rule-based and a machine learning approach – are described and compared. Evaluation of the results shows success with automatic detection, especially for direct and indirect ST&WR.
Wenn Menschen heute auf der Straße protestieren, sind immer auch digitale Medien im Spiel. Ob zur Mobilisierung oder Koordination, zur Vor- oder Nachbereitung: Proteste sind durch die sprachlichen Interaktionen und medialen Praktiken der Teilnehmenden bestimmt. Mark Dang-Anh widmet sich der situativen Protestkommunikation in digitalen Medien mit einem Fokus auf Interaktionen im Mikrobloggingdienst Twitter. Anhand zweier Falluntersuchungen von Protesten gegen rechte Aufmärsche analysiert er die vielschichtigen Relationen zwischen Sprache, Medien und der sozialen Praxis des Protestierens.
Contents:
1. Johannes Graën, Tannon Kew, Anastassia Shaitarova and Martin Volk, "Modelling Large Parallel Corpora", S. 1-8
2. Pedro Javier Ortiz Suárez, Benoît Sagot and Laurent Romary, "Asynchronous Pipelines for Processing Huge Corpora on Medium to Low Resource Infrastructures", S. 9-16
3. Vladimír Benko, "Deduplication in Large Web Corpora", S. 17-22
4. Mark Davies, "The best of both worlds: Multi-billion word “dynamic” corpora", S. 23-28
5. Adrien Barbaresi, "On the need for domain-focused web corpora", S. 29-32
6. Marc Kupietz, Eliza Margaretha, Nils Diewald, Harald Lüngen and Peter Fankhauser, "What's New in EuReCo? Interoperability, Comparable Corpora, Licensing", S. 33-39
Content
1 Predicting learner knowledge of individual words using machine learning
Drilon Avdiu, Vanessa Bui, Klára Ptacinová Klimci´ková
2 Automatic Generation and Semantic Grading of Esperanto Sentences in a Teaching Context
Eckhard Bick
3 Toward automatic improvement of language produced by non-native language learners
Mathias Creutz, Eetu Sjöblom
4 Linguistic features and proficiency classification in L2 Spanish and L2 Portuguese
Iria del Ri´o
5 Integrating large-scale web data and curated corpus data in a search engine supporting German literacy education
Sabrina Dittrich, Zarah Weiss, Hannes Schröter, Detmar Meurers
6 Formalism for a language agnostic language learning game and productive grid generation
Sylvain Hatier, Arnaud Bey, Mathieu Loiseau
7 Understanding Vocabulary Growth Through An Adaptive Language Learning System
Elma Kerz, Andreas Burgdorf, Daniel Wiechmann, Stefan Meeger,Yu Qiao, Christian Kohlschein, Tobias Meisen
8 Summarization Evaluation meets Short-Answer Grading
Margot Mieskes, Ulrike Padó
9 Experiments on Non-native Speech Assessment and its Consistency
Ziwei Zhou, Sowmya Vajjala, Seyed Vahid Mirnezami
10 The Impact of Spelling Correction and Task Context on Short Answer Assessment for Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Ramon Ziai, Florian Nuxoll, Kordula De Kuthy, Björn Rudzewitz, Detmar Meurers
Preface
(2019)
We present the second edition of the GermEval Shared Task on the Identification of Offensive Language. This shared task deals with the classification of German tweets from Twitter. Two subtasks were continued from the first edition, namely a coarse-grained binary classification task and a fine-grained multi-class classification task. As a novel subtask, we introduce the classification of offensive tweets as explicit or implicit.
The shared task had 13 participating groups submitting 28 runs for the coarse-grained
task, another 28 runs for the fine-grained task, and 17 runs for the implicit-explicit
task.
We evaluate the results of the systems submitted to the shared task. The shared task homepage can be found at https://projects.fzai.h-da.de/iggsa/
The article starts by outlining the theoretical and conceptual foundations in the field of multimodal interaction analysis, which, based on its spatiallinguistic orientation, deals with the meaning of space for the constitution of social meaning. Conceptually, we refer to the ideas of architecture-forinteraction and social topography. Empirically, we look towards the entire range of visually perceptible physical expressions of the Communion participants. We also focus on the spatial prerequisites and the space-related knowledge of the visitors, which becomes evident in their situational behaviour. From our point of view, Communion is not only a ritual in worship but also a task of coordination and positioning. We analyse video excerpts of two Communions in Lutheran-Protestant worship. The central question is: How do the people who hand out the sacrament to the participants take part in the procedure themselves (self-supply)? The video excerpts are from Germany(Rimbach and Zotzenbach, South Hesse). We see self-supply as a situational reproduction of institutional structures and relevancies. Methodologically, we first analyse an example in detail, in which we elaborate constitutive aspects of self-supply and the associated implications in the sense of an arising communitisation of the faithful. The subsequent analysis is carried out from a comparative perspective with reference to the results already obtained. The analyses lead to two basic models. Firstly, we identified a two-phase model in which first the churchgoers and then separately the institution’s representatives celebrate Communion. Structurally linked to this model is the is the diverging presence of those who have already completed the ritual, divergence resulting in two ensembles with their respective interaction space. The churchgoers watch the pastor and his assistants perform the ritual themselves. Secondly, we were able to formulate an integrative model in which the pastor celebrates Communion as one of the community. This preserves cohesion among all churchgoers and there is no ritual display of the institution’s representatives as in the two-phase model. As for model-shaping factors, two aspects become particularly clear: The first are the opportunities which the architecture-forinteraction, i.e. the concrete space for the Communion, provides. The second is the number of participants who perform the ceremony under these spatial conditions. Both aspects have a direct impact on the organisation of Communion, the movement within the church space and, indirectly, on the structure and implications of self-supply.