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"Badeölgrüne Buchten", "kükengelbes Haar" und "tomatenrote Tomaten" - Vergleiche mit Farbadjektiven
(2014)
Speakers’ dialogical orientation to the particular others they talk to is implemented by practices of recipient-design. One such practice is the use of negation as a means to constrain interpretations of speaker’s actions by the partner. The paper situates this use of negation within the larger context of other recipient-designed uses of negation which negate assumptions the speaker makes about what the addressee holds to be true (second-order assumptions) or what the addressee assumes the speaker holds to be true (third- order assumptions). The focus of the study is on the ways in which speakers use negation to disclaim interpretations of their turns which partners have displayed or may possibly arrive at. Special emphasis is given to the positionally sensitive uses of negation, which may occur before, after or inserted between the nucleus actions whose interpretation is constrained by the negation. Interactional motivations and rhetorical potentials of the practice are pointed out, partly depending on the position of the negation vis-à-vis the nucleus action. The analysis shows that the concept of ‘recipient design’ is in need of distinctions which have not been in focus in prior research.
So far, there have been few descriptions on creating structures capable of storing lexicographic data, ISO 24613:2008 being one of the latest. Another one is by Spohr (2012), who designs a multifunctional lexical resource which is able to store data of different types of dictionaries in a user-oriented way. Technically, his design is based on the principle of a hierarchical XML/OWL (eXtensible Markup Language/Web Ontology Language) representation model. This article follows another route in describing a model based on entities and relations between them; MySQL (usually referred to as: Structured Query Language) describes a database system of tables containing data and definitions of relations between them. The model was developed in the context of the project "Scientific eLexicography for Africa" and the lexicographic database to be built thereof will be implemented with MySQL. The principles of the ISO model and of Spohr's model are adhered to with one major difference in the implementation strategy: we do not place the lemma in the centre of attention, but the sense description — all other elements, including the lemma, depend on the sense description. This article also describes the contained lexicographic data sets and how they have been collected from different sources. As our aim is to compile several prototypical internet dictionaries (a monolingual Northern Sotho dictionary, a bilingual learners' Xhosa–English dictionary and a bilingual Zulu–English dictionary), we describe the necessary microstructural elements for each of them and which principles we adhere to when designing different ways of accessing them. We plan to make the model and the (empty) database with all graphical user interfaces that have been developed, freely available by mid-2015.
Cette contribution s’intéresse aux co-constructions d’un tour de parole en interaction, plus spécifiquement, à la manière dont la complétion d’un énoncé de la part d’un co-participant est ensuite réceptionnée par le locuteur dont le tour a été complété. Malgré l’intérêt certain porté par l’analyse conversationnelle et la linguistique interactionnelle à la co-énonciation, l’évaluation de cette pratique par le premier locuteur n’a pas fait l’objet d’analyses approfondies. Dans ce qui suit, nous nous focalisons plus particulièrement sur les pratiques interactionnelles qui permettent aux participants de valider une co-construction. Ce travail est issu du projet ANR SPIM (« L’imitation dans la parole »), dans le cadre duquel nous nous sommes interrogée sur la fonction de l’hétéro-répétition (le fait de répéter un énoncé d’un autre locuteur ou une partie de celui-ci, opposée à l’auto- répétition) dans des séquences de co-construction d’un tour de parole.
Annotating Spoken Language
(2014)
Automatic Food Categorization from Large Unlabeled Corpora and Its Impact on Relation Extraction
(2014)
We present a weakly-supervised induction method to assign semantic information to food items. We consider two tasks of categorizations being food-type classification and the distinction of whether a food item is composite or not. The categorizations are induced by a graph-based algorithm applied on a large unlabeled domain-specific corpus. We show that the usage of a domain-specific corpus is vital. We do not only outperform a manually designed open-domain ontology but also prove the usefulness of these categorizations in relation extraction, outperforming state-of-the-art features that include syntactic information and Brown clustering.
In this paper, we present the concept and the results of two studies addressing (potential) users of monolingual German online dictionaries, such as www.elexiko.de. Drawing on the example of elexiko, the aim of those studies was to collect empirical data on possible extensions of the content of monolingual online dictionaries, e.g. the search function, to evaluate how users comprehend the terminology of the user interface, to find out which types of information are expected to be included in each specific lexicographic module and to investigate general questions regarding the function and reception of examples illustrating the use of a word. The design and distribution of the surveys is comparable to the studies described in the chapters 5-8 of this volume. We also explain, how the data obtained in our studies were used for further improvement of the elexiko-dictionary.
We discovered several recurring errors in the current version of the Europarl Corpus originating both from the web site of the European Parliament and the corpus compilation based thereon. The most frequent error was incompletely extracted metadata leaving non-textual fragments within the textual parts of the corpus files. This is, on average, the case for every second speaker change. We not only cleaned the Europarl Corpus by correcting several kinds of errors, but also aligned the speakers’ contributions of all available languages and compiled every- thing into a new XML-structured corpus. This facilitates a more sophisticated selection of data, e.g. querying the corpus for speeches by speakers of a particular political group or in particular language combinations.
We compare several different corpus- based and lexicon-based methods for the scalar ordering of adjectives. Among them, we examine for the first time a low- resource approach based on distinctive- collexeme analysis that just requires a small predefined set of adverbial modifiers. While previous work on adjective intensity mostly assumes one single scale for all adjectives, we group adjectives into different scales which is more faithful to human perception. We also apply the methods to both polar and non-polar adjectives, showing that not all methods are equally suitable for both types of adjectives.
This study presents the results of a large-scale comparison of various measures of pitch range and pitch variation in two Slavic (Bulgarian and Polish) and two Germanic (German and British English) languages. The productions of twenty-two speakers per language (eleven male and eleven female) in two different tasks (read passages and number sets) are compared. Significant differences between the language groups are found: German and English speakers use lower pitch maxima, narrower pitch span, and generally less variable pitch than Bulgarian and Polish speakers. These findings support the hypothesis that inguistic communities tend to be characterized by particular pitch profiles.
This contribution presents the newest version of our ’Wortverbindungsfelder’ (fields of multi-word expressions), an experimental lexicographic resource that focusses on aspects of MWEs that are rarely addressed in traditional descriptions: Contexts, patterns and interrelations. The MWE fields use data from a very large corpus of written German (over 6 billion word forms) and are created in a strictly corpus-based way. In addition to traditional lexicographic descriptions, they include quantitative corpus data which is structured in new ways in order to show the usage specifics. This way of looking at MWEs gives insight in the structure of language and is especially interesting for foreign language learners.
Das 50-jährige IDS
(2014)
In diesem Beitrag wird an einigen Beispielen aus der nominalen Morphologie bzw. der Morphosyntax der deutschen Substantivgruppe gezeigt, wie sich in den Veränderungen in diesem Bereich, die sich über das 20. Jahrhundert hin beobachten lassen, Fragen eines langfristigen Systemwandels mit Regularitäten des Sprachgebrauchs überlagern. Im Mittelpunkt soll die Frage der Markierung der Kasus – insbesondere in den allgemein als „kritisch“ angesehenen Fällen von Genitiv und Dativ – stehen. Wenn man die Daten dazu betrachtet, sieht man, dass in den meisten Fällen schon zum Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts eine weitgehende Anpassung an die Regularitäten der Monoflexion erfolgt war, auch, dass dieser Prozess über das Jahrhundert hin fortschreitet. Bemerkenswert ist, dass insgesamt die als „alt“ angesehenen Fälle in den untersuchten Korpora geschriebener Sprache (sehr) selten auftauchen, dass aber in zunehmendem Ausmaß die daraus folgende Markiertheit in der einen oder anderen Weise funktional genutzt wird. Einen Fall eigener Art stellt in diesem Zusammenhang der Genitiv dar, der sich bei den starken Maskulina und Neutra bekanntlich dem Trend zur „Einmalmarkierung“ der Kasus an den flektierten, das Substantiv begleitenden Elementen widersetzt. Das führt zu der bekannten Orientierung dieser Formen auf die Nicht-Objekt-Verwendungen und auch zu einem auffälligen Maß an Variation in der Nutzung der entsprechenden Flexionsformen.
Designing a Bilingual Speech Corpus for French and German Language Learners: a Two-Step Process
(2014)
We present the design of a corpus of native and non-native speech for the language pair French-German, with a special emphasis on phonetic and prosodic aspects. To our knowledge there is no suitable corpus, in terms of size and coverage, currently available for the target language pair. To select the target L1-L2 interference phenomena we prepare a small preliminary corpus (corpus1), which is analyzed for coverage and cross-checked jointly by French and German experts. Based on this analysis, target phenomena on the phonetic and phonological level are selected on the basis of the expected degree of deviation from the native performance and the frequency of occurrence. 14 speakers performed both L2 (either French or German) and L1 material (either German or French). This allowed us to test, recordings duration, recordings material, the performance of our automatic aligner software. Then, we built corpus2 taking into account what we learned about corpus1. The aims are the same but we adapted speech material to avoid too long recording sessions. 100 speakers will be recorded. The corpus (corpus1 and corpus2) will be prepared as a searchable database, available for the scientific community after completion of the project.
In this paper, the authors use the 2012 log files of two German online dictionaries (Digital Dictionary of the German Language and the German Version of Wiktionary) and the 100,000 most frequent words in the Mannheim German Reference Corpus from 2009 to answer the question of whether dictionary users really do look up frequent words, first asked by de Schryver et al. (2006). By using an approach to the comparison of log files and corpus data which is completely different from that of the aforementioned authors, we provide empirical evidence that indicates - contrary to the results of de Schryver et al. and Verlinde/Binon (2010) - that the corpus frequency of a word can indeed be an important factor in determining what online dictionary users look up. Finally, we incorporate word class Information readily available in Wiktionary into our analysis to improve our results considerably.
Die Abteilung Pragmatik
(2014)
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den verschiedenen Such-, Auffindungs- und Auswahlsprozessen, die für die fremdsprachige Produktion notwendig sind und von DICONALE-online, einem onomasiologisch-konzeptuell ausgerichteten, zweisprachig-bilateral konzipierten Verbwörterbuch der spanischen und deutschen Gegenwartsspache, besonders berücksichtigt werden. Der Ausgangspunkt von DICONALE ist ein unbefriedigendes Informationsangebot in den bestehenden ein- und zweisprachigen Lernerwörterbüchern für den L2-output und bestätigt das Projektteam in der Notwendigkeit, ein neuartiges benutzer- und situationsdefiniertes online-Nachschlagewerk zu erstellen. Zwei Bezugsrahmen bilden die Grundlage für einen komplexen, konzeptuell und framegeleiteten Zugriffspfad, der dem Benutzer bei der Suche und Auswahl von Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten und der adäquaten Anwendung behilflich sein soll. Das Novum dieses Wörterbuchprojekts besteht hauptsachlich darin, eine onomasiologisch-konzeptuelle Perspektive für den fremdsprachigen Produktionsprozess nutzbar zu machen und mit einem semasiologischen Zugriff zu verbinden, durch den es möglich ist, die inter- und intralingualen Unterschiede zwischen den Lexemen eines lexikalisch-semantischen (Sub)Paradigmas hervorzuheben. Ziel des Beitrages ist es daher, den Ausgangspunkt, sowie die theoretischen und methodologischen Grundlagen von DICONALE-online unter der speziellen Perspektive der Benutzer- und Situationsorientiertheit zur Diskussion zu stellen, die einzelnen Zugriffspfade für den Such- und Auffindungsprozess vorzustellen und das Angebot zur Auswahl und zum adäquaten Gebrauch aus inter- und intralingualer Perspektive zu präsentieren.
Die Leibniz-Gemeinschaft
(2014)
Üblicherweise wird behauptet und erwartet, dass für den Deutschunterricht die deutsche Standardsprache zumindest als Zielsprache, wenn nicht gar als Unterrichtssprache gilt. Die Forschungen der germanistischen Soziolinguistik und Sprachlehrforschung zeigen allerdings, dass keinesfalls Einigkeit darüber besteht, was denn ,die deutsche Standardsprache‘ überhaupt sei, ob, und wenn ja, wie viel Variation sie beinhaltet, und wie mit Normabweichungen seitens der Schüler/innen umzugehen sei.
Unser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Rolle der Deutschlehrenden — sowohl an deutschsprachigen Schulen als auch im Rahmen des DaF-Unterrichts an britischen Hochschulen — um zu erörtern, welche Erwartungen sie an die sprachliche Normenkonformität ihrer Schüler/innen haben und welche praktischen Probleme ihnen hierbei begegnen. Unterstützt durch historische Belege aus dem Schulalltag im 19. Jahrhundert, diskutieren wir Kontinuitäten und Innovationen in der Selbsteinschätzung von Deutsch- und DaF-Lehrer/innen zu ihrer Rolle als Sprachnormvermittler/ innen und stellen die Frage, wie groß ihre Rolle tatsächlich ist.
This study investigates cross-language differences in pitch range and variation in four languages from two language groups: English and German (Germanic) and Bulgarian and Polish (Slavic). The analysis is based on large multi-speaker corpora (48 speakers for Polish, 60 for each of the other three languages). Linear mixed models were computed that include various distributional measures of pitch level, span and variation, revealing characteristic differences across languages and between language groups. A classification experiment based on the relevant parameter measures (span, kurtosis and skewness values for pitch distributions for each speaker) succeeded in separating the language groups.
Recent work suggests that concreteness and imageability play an important role in the meanings of figurative expressions. We investigate this idea in several ways. First, we try to define more precisely the context within which a figurative expression may occur, by parsing a corpus annotated for metaphor. Next, we add both concreteness and imageability as “features” to the parsed metaphor corpus, by marking up words in this corpus using a psycholinguistic database of scores for concreteness and imageability. Finally, we carry out detailed statistical analyses of the augmented version of the original metaphor corpus, cross-matching the features of concreteness and imageability with others in the corpus such as parts of speech and dependency relations, in order to investigate in detail the use of such features in predicting whether a given expression is metaphorical or not.