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This paper presents the application of the <tiger2/> format to various linguistic scenarios with the aim of making it the standard serialisation for the ISO 24615 [1] (SynAF) standard. After outlining the main characteristics of both the SynAF metamodel and the <tiger2/> format, as extended from the initial Tiger XML format [2], we show through a range of different language families how <tiger2/> covers a variety of constituency and dependency based analyses.
XML has been designed for creating structured documents, but the information that is encoded in these structures are, by definition, out of scope for XML. Additional sources, normally not easily interpretable by computers, such as documentation are needed to determine the intention of specific tags in a tag-set. The Component Metadata Infrastructure (CMDI) takes a rather pragmatic approach to foster interoperability between XML instances in the domain of metadata descriptions for language resources. This paper gives an overview of this approach.
We present SPLICR, the Web-based Sustainability Platform for Linguistic Corpora and Resources. The system is aimed at people who work in Linguistics or Computational Linguistics: a comprehensive database of metadata records can be explored in order to find language resources that could be appropriate for one’s spe cific research needs. SPLICR also provides a graphical interface that enables users to query and to visualise corpora. The project in which the system is developed aims at sustainably archiving the ca. 60 language resources that have been constructed in three collaborative research centres. Our project has two primary goals: (a) To process and to archive sustainably the resources so that they are still available to the research community in five, ten, or even 20 years time. (b) To enable researchers to query the resources both on the level of their metadata as well as on the level of linguistic annotations. In more general terms, our goal is to enable solutions that leverage the interoperability, reusability, and sustainability of heterogeneous collec- tions of language resources.
We present an approach to an aspect of managing complex access scenarios to large and heterogeneous corpora that involves handling user queries that, intentionally or due to the complexity of the queried resource, target texts or annotations outside of the given user’s permissions. We first outline the overall architecture of the corpus analysis platform KorAP, devoting some attention to the way in which it handles multiple query languages, by implementing ISO CQLF (Corpus Query Lingua Franca), which in turn constitutes a component crucial for the functionality discussed here. Next, we look at query rewriting as it is used by KorAP and zoom in on one kind of this procedure, namely the rewriting of queries that is forced by data access restrictions.
This paper describes a new research initiative addressing the issue of sustainability of linguistic resources. The initiative is a cooperation between three collaborative research centres in Germany – the SFB 441 “Linguistic Data Structures” in Tübingen, the SFB 538 “Multilingualism” in Hamburg, and the SFB 632 “Information Structure” in Potsdam/Berlin. The aim of the project is to develop methods for sustainable archiving of the diverse bodies of linguistic data used at the three sites. In the first half of the paper, the data handling solutions developed so far at the three centres are briefly introduced. This is followed by an assessment of their commonalities and differences and of what these entail for the work of the new joint initiative. The second part then sketches seven areas of open questions with respect to sustainable data handling and gives a more detailed account of two of them – integration of linguistic terminologies and development of best practice guidelines.
Beyond Citations: Corpus-based Methods for Detecting the Impact of Research Outcomes on Society
(2020)
This paper proposes, implements and evaluates a novel, corpus-based approach for identifying categories indicative of the impact of research via a deductive (top-down, from theory to data) and an inductive (bottom-up, from data to theory) approach. The resulting categorization schemes differ in substance. Research outcomes are typically assessed by using bibliometric methods, such as citation counts and patterns, or alternative metrics, such as references to research in the media. Shortcomings with these methods are their inability to identify impact of research beyond academia (bibliometrics) and considering text-based impact indicators beyond those that capture attention (altmetrics). We address these limitations by leveraging a mixed-methods approach for eliciting impact categories from experts, project personnel (deductive) and texts (inductive). Using these categories, we label a corpus of project reports per category schema, and apply supervised machine learning to infer these categories from project reports. The classification results show that we can predict deductively and inductively derived impact categories with 76.39% and 78.81% accuracy (F1-score), respectively. Our approach can complement solutions from bibliometrics and scientometrics for assessing the impact of research and studying the scope and types of advancements transferred from academia to society.
The present submission reports on a pilot project conducted at the Institute for the German Language (IDS), aiming at strengthening the connection between ISO TC37SC4 “Language Resource Management” and the CLARIN infrastructure. In terminology management, attempts have recently been made to use graph-theoretical analyses to get a better understanding of the structure of terminology resources. The project described here aims at applying some of these methods to potentially incomplete concept fields produced over years by numerous researchers serving as experts and editors of ISO standards. The main results of the project are twofold. On the one hand, they comprise concept networks dynamically generated from a relational database and browsable by the user. On the other, the project has yielded significant qualitative feedback that will be offered to ISO. We provide the institutional context of this endeavour, its theoretical background, and an overview of data preparation and tools used. Finally, we discuss the results and illustrate some of them.
Die durch die Covid-19-Pandemie bedingte Umstellung der Präsenzlehre auf digitale Lehr- und Lernformate stellte Lehrende und Studierende gleichermaßen vor eine Herausforderung. Innerhalb kürzester Zeit musste die Nutzung von Plattformen und digitalen Tools erlernt und getestet werden. Der Beitrag stellt exemplarisch Dienste und Werkzeuge von CLARIAH-DE vor und erläutert, wie die digitale Forschungsinfrastruktur Lehrende und Studierende auch im Rahmen der digitalen Lehre unterstützen kann.
Co-reference annotation and resources: a multilingual corpus of typologically diverse languages
(2002)
This article introduces a dialogue corpus containing data from two typologically different languages, Japanese and Kilivila. The corpus is annotated in accordance with language specific annotation schemes for co-referential and similar relations. The article describes the corpus data, the properties of language specific co-reference in the two languages and a methodology for its annotation. Examples from the corpus show how this methodology is used in the workflow of the annotation process.
This paper describes a corpus of Japanese task-oriented dialogues, i.e. its data, annotations, analysis methodology and preliminary results for the modeling of co-referential phenomena. Current corpus based approaches to co-reference concentrate on textual data from English or other European languages. Hence, the emerging language-general models of co-reference miss input from dialogue data of non-European languages. We aim to fill this gap and contribute to a model of co-reference on various language-specific and language-general levels.
This paper proposes a methodology for querying linguistic data represented in different corpus formats. Examples of the need for queries over such heterogeneous resources are the corpus-based analysis of multimodal phenomena like the interaction of gestures and prosodic features, or syntax-related phenomena like information structure which exceed the expressive power of a tree-centered corpus format. Query languages (QLs) currently under development are strongly connected to corpus formats, like the NITE Object Model (NOM, Carletta et al., 2003) or the Meta-Annotation Infrastructure for ATLAS (MAIA, Laprun and Fiscus, 2002). The parallel development of linguistic query languages and corpus formats is due to the fact that general purpose query languages like XQuery (Boag et al., 2003) do not fulfill the changing needs of linguistically motivated queries, e.g. to give access to (non-)hierarchically organized, theory and language dependent annotations of multi modal signals and/or text. This leads to the problem that existing corpus formats and query languages are hard to reuse. They have to be re developed and re-implemented time-consumingly and expensively for unforeseen tasks. This paper describes an approach for overcoming these problems and a sample application.
The present paper describes Corpus Query Lingua Franca (ISO CQLF), a specification designed at ISO Technical Committee 37 Subcommittee 4 “Language resource management” for the purpose of facilitating the comparison of properties of corpus query languages. We overview the motivation for this endeavour and present its aims and its general architecture. CQLF is intended as a multi-part specification; here, we concentrate on the basic metamodel that provides a frame that the other parts fit in.
The goal of the present chapter is to explore the possibility of providing the research (but also the industrial) community that commonly uses spoken corpora with a stable portfolio of well-documented standardized formats that allow a high reuse rate of annotated spoken resources and, as a consequence, better interoperability across tools used to produce or exploit such resources.
Poster des Text+ Partners Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache Mannheim präsentiert beim Workshop "Wohin damit? Storing and reusing my language data" am 22. Juni 2023 in Mannheim. Das Poster wurde im Kontext der Arbeit des Vereins Nationale Forschungsdateninfrastruktur (NFDI) e.V. verfasst. NFDI wird von der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und den 16 Bundesländern finanziert, und das Konsortium Text+ wird gefördert durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) – Projektnummer 460033370. Die Autor:innen bedanken sich für die Förderung sowie Unterstützung. Ein Dank geht außerdem an alle Einrichtungen und Akteur:innen, die sich für den Verein und dessen Ziele engagieren.
This paper deals with the problem of how to interrelate theory-specific treebanks and how to transform one treebank format to another. Currently, two approaches to achieve these goals can be differentiated. The first creates a mapping algorithm between treebank formats. Categories of a source format are transformed into a target format via a given set of general or language-specific mapping rules. The second relates treebanks via a transformation to a general model of linguistic categories, for example based on the EAGLES recommendations for syntactic annotations of corpora, or relying on the HPSG framework. This paper proposes a new methodology as a solution for these desiderata.
Der Beitrag betrachtet das Deutsche Referenzkorpus DeReKo in Bezug auf Strategien für seinen Ausbau, den Zugriff über die Korpusanalyseplattform KorAP und seine Einbettung in Forschungsinfrastrukturen und in die deutschsprachige und europäische Korpuslandschaft. Ausgehend von dieser Bestandsaufnahme werden Perspektiven zu seiner Weiterentwicklung aufgezeigt. Zu den Zukunftsvisionen gehören die Verteilung von Korpussressourcen und die Konstruktion multilingualer vergleichbarer Korpora anhand der Bestände der National- und Referenzkorpora, eine Plattform zur Abgabe und Aufbereitung von Sprachspenden als eine Anwendung von Citizen Science sowie eine Komponente zur automatischen Identifikation von übersetzten bzw. maschinenverfassten Texten.
Deutsche Geschichte-Digital: Ergebnisse der TEI-Konvertierung und Integration in Pilotprojekten
(2018)
This document presents ongoing work related to spoken language data within a project that aims to establish a common and unified infrastructure for the sustainable provision of linguistic primary research data at the Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS). In furtherance of its mission to “document the German language as it is currently used”, the project expects to enable the research community to access a broad empirical base of working material via a single platform. While the goal is to eventually cover all linguistically relevant digital resources of the IDS, including lexicographic information systems such as the IDS German Vocabulary Portal, OWID, written language corpora such as the IDS German Reference Corpus, DeReKo, and spoken language corpora such as the IDS German Speech Corpus for Research and Teaching, FOLK, the work presented here predominantly focuses on the latter type of data, i.e. speech corpora. Within this context, the present document pictures the project’s contributions to the development of standards and best practice guidelines concerning data storage, process documentation and legal issues for the sustainable preservation and long-term accessibility of primary linguistic research data.
Different Views on Markup
(2010)
In this chapter, two different ways of grouping information represented in document markup are examined: annotation levels, referring to conceptual levels of description, and annotation layers, referring to the technical realisation of markup using e.g. document grammars. In many current XML annotation projects, multiple levels are integrated into one layer, often leading to the problem of having to deal with overlapping hierarchies. As a solution, we propose a framework for XML-based multiple, independent XML annotation layers for one text, based on an abstract representation of XML documents with logical predicates. Two realisations of the abstract representation are presented, a Prolog fact base format together with an application architecture, and a specification for XML native databases. We conclude with a discussion of projects that have currently adopted this framework.
Digital research infrastructures can be divided into four categories: large equipment, IT infrastructure, social infrastructure, and information infrastructure. Modern research institutions often employ both IT infrastructure and information infrastructure, such as databases or large-scale research data. In addition, information infrastructure depends to some extent on IT infrastructure. In this paper, we discuss the IT, information, and legal infrastructure issues that research institutions face.
Digital Text Collections, Linguistic Research Data, and Mashups: Notes on the Legal Situation
(2008)
Comprehensive data repositories are an essential part of practically all research carried out in the digital humanities nowadays. For example, library science, literary studies, and computational and corpus linguistics strongly depend on online archives that are highly sustainable and that contain not only digitized texts but also audio and video data as well as additional information such as metadata and arbitrary annotations. Current Web technologies, especially those that are related to what is commonly referred to as the Web 2.0, provide a number of novel functions such as multiuser editing or the inclusion of third-party content and applications that are also highly attractive for research applications in the areas mentioned above. Hand in hand with this development goes a high degree of legal uncertainty. The special nature of the data entails that, in quite a few cases, there are multiple holders of personal rights (mostly copyright) to different layers of data that often have different origins. This article discusses the legal problems of multiple authorships in private, commercial, and research environments. We also introduce significant differences between European and U.S. law with regard to the handling of this kind of data for scientific purposes.
Das vorliegende Papier fasst den bisherigen Diskussionsstand zur Konzeption eines Organisationsmodells für die institutionelle Verstetigung des Verbundforschungsprojektes TextGrid zusammen und bündelt die bisherigen Arbeitsergebnisse im Arbeitspaket 3 – Strukturelle und organisatorische Nachhaltigkeit. Das hier skizzierte Organisationsmodell basiert auf den in D-Grid und WissGrid erarbeiteten Nachhaltigkeitskonzepten und adaptiert das Konzept der Virtuellen Organisation (VO) für TextGrid. Insgesamt strebt TextGrid eine institutionelle Verstetigung seiner Aktivitäten nach Ende der Projektlaufzeit an und beabsichtigt gemeinsam mit Virtuellen Forschungsumgebungen aus anderen Wissenschaftsdisziplinen Wege und Prozesse etablieren zu können. Am 24./25. Februar 2011 hat TextGrid einen Strategie-Workshop in Berlin ausgerichtet, zu dem sich eine Expertenrunde zur „Nachhaltigkeit von Virtuellen Forschungsumgebungen“ eingefunden hat. Diskutiert werden wird, wie Virtuelle Forschungsumgebungen basierend auf heutigen finanziellen und organisatorischen Strukturen nachhaltig sein können und welche Empfehlungen sich daraus für TextGrid ableiten. Die Diskussionsergebnisse der Expertenrunde werden zusammen mit den Überlegungen in diesem Papier in die Konzeption eines umfassenderen Organisationsmodells einfließen, das die Grundlage für eine Verstetigung von TextGrid bilden wird.
This paper introduces the recently started DRuKoLA-project that aims at providing mechanisms to flexibly draw virtual comparable corpora from the German Reference Corpus DeReKo and the Reference Corpus of Contemporary Romanian Language CoRoLa in order to use these virtual corpora as empirical basis for contrastive linguistic research.
We describe a general two-stage procedure for re-using a custom corpus for spoken language system development involving a transformation from character-based markup to XML, and DSSSL stylesheet-driven XML markup enhancement with multiple lexical tag trees. The procedure was used to generate a fully tagged corpus; alternatively with greater economy of computing resources, it can be employed as a parametrised ‘tagging on demand’ filter. The implementation will shortly be released as a public resource together with the corpus (German spoken dialogue, about 500k word form tokens) and lexicon (about 75k word form types).
Ethical issues in Language Resources and Language Technology are often invoked, but rarely discussed. This is at least partly because little work has been done to systematize ethical issues and principles applicable in the fields of Language Resources and Language Technology. This paper provides an overview of ethical issues that arise at different stages of Language Resources and Language Technology development, from the conception phase through the construction phase to the use phase. Based on this overview, the authors propose a tentative taxonomy of ethical issues in Language Resources and Language Technology, built around five principles: Privacy, Property, Equality, Transparency and Freedom. The authors hope that this tentative taxonomy will facilitate ethical assessment of projects in the field of Language Resources and Language Technology, and structure the discussion on ethical issues in this domain, which may eventually lead to the adoption of a universally accepted Code of Ethics of the Language Resources and Language Technology community.
The aim of the paper is twofold. Firstly, an approach is presented how to select the correct antecedent for an anaphoric element according to the kind of text segments in which both of them occur. Basically, information on logical text structure (e.g. chapters, sections, paragraphs) is used in order to select the antecedent life span of a linguistic expression, i.e. some linguistic expressions are more likely to be chosen as an antecedent throughout the whole text than others. In addition, an appropriate search scope for an anaphora expressed by an expression can be defined according to the document structuring elements that include the linguistic expression. Corpus investigations give rise to the supposition that logical text structure influences the search scope of candidates for antecedents. Second, a solution is presented how to integrate the resources used for anaphora resolution. In this approach, multi-layered XML annotation is used in order to make a set of resources accessible for the anaphora resolution system.
Formalisierung von Kontext und sprachlichem Wissen mit Prioritisierter Circumscription (VM-Memo 55)
(1994)
Forschungsdatenmanagement in den Geisteswissenschaften am Beispiel der germanistischen Linguistik
(2013)
Die Kernaufgabe des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) ist die Erforschung und Dokumentation der deutschen Sprache. Dazu sammelt und archiviert das IDS einen umfangreichen Bestand an Forschungsprimärdaten in Form von Korpora der geschriebenen und gesprochenen Sprache sowie Sekundärdaten, wie zum Beispiel lexikographische Ressourcen. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den Datenbestand des IDS und die laufenden Forschungskooperationen im Bereich der Langzeitarchivierung. In diesem Kontext wird das im Aufbau befindliche Langzeitarchivdes IDS mit seiner Architektur, den zugrundeliegenden Prinzipien zur Daten- und Metadatenmodellierung sowie den daraus abgeleiteten Erfassungsprozessen vorgestellt. Der Beitrag schließt ab mit einem Ausblick auf die Herausforderungen und Perspektiven des Forschungsdatenmanagements aus Sicht der germanistischen Linguistik.
Die Bedeutung von Forschungsdatenmanagement im wissenschaftspolitischen Diskurs und im wissenschaftlichen Arbeitsalltag nimmt stetig zu. Nationale und internationale Forschungsinfrastrukturen, Verbünde, disziplinäre Datenzentren und institutionelle Kompetenzzentren nähern sich den Herausforderungen aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven. Dieser Beitrag stellt das Data Center for the Humanities an der Universität zu Köln als Beispiel für ein universitäres Datenzentrum mit fachlicher Spezialisierung auf die Geisteswissenschaften vor.