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The transition between phases of activities is a practical problem which participants in an interaction have to deal with routinely. In meetings, the sequence of phases of activity is often outlined by a written agenda. However, transitions still have to be accomplished by local interactional work of the participants. In a detailed conversation analytic case study based on video-data, it is shown how participants collaboratively accomplish an emergent interactional state of affairs (a break-like activity) which differs widely from the state of affairs which was projected by awritten agenda (the next presentation), although in doing so, the participants still show their continuous orientation to the agenda. The paper argues that the reconstruction of emergent developments in interaction calls for a multimodal analysis of interaction, because the fine-grained multimodal co-ordination of bodily and verbal resources provides for opportunities of sequentially motivated, relevant next actions. These, however, can amount to emergent activity sequences, which may be at odds with the activity types which are projected by an interactional agenda or expected on behalf of some institutional routine.
Ce chapitre s’intéresse à la façon dont les changements de langue dans des réunions sont gérés par les parties co-présentes qui les traitent comme posant des problèmes de participation, en s’orientant vers le fait que le choix d’une langue particulière peut avoir comme effet d’augmenter ou bien de diminuer la participation de certains ou de tous les membres co-présents. Le choix d’une langue plutôt que d’une autre est étudié comme répondant à un problème des membres et comme une décision prise par eux, exhibant la manière dont ils s’orientent vers ses conséquences et dont ils élaborent sa justification et légitimité. Dans ce sens, le choix de l’anglais ou de plusieurs langues co-existantes voire alternantes n’a pas en soi une valeur positive ou négative en termes de participation, d’adéquation ou d’efficacité, mais a une valeur qui est située et occasionnée, dépendant des formats spécifiques de participation, des compétences reconnues localement et de la manière dont l’interaction est organisée. Afin d’explorer de manière systématique cette articulation entre choix de langue et participation, nous allons nous pencher sur un phénomène particulier et récurrent. Il s’agit de l’annonce qui projette un changement de langue et qui peut prendre une forme telle que “now we will switch into English so that you can participate”. Nous l’analyserons en tenant compte de la position séquentielle où elle est produite, de son format, de la façon dont elle est adressée à une partie ou à la totalité des co-présents, et de l’action spécifique qui y est accomplie. Nous étudierons aussi la manière dont elle est reçue, ses effets sur le cadre de participation, ainsi que les catégorisations qui en découlent. On montrera ainsi la relation de configuration mutuelle qui s’établit entre choix de langue et cadre de participation. Nos analyses seront développées sur la base de plusieurs corpus de rencontres professionnelles internationales enregistrées en audio et en vidéo sur plusieurs terrains. Les données vidéo nous invitent à considérer non seulement la dimension linguistique des cadres participatifs et des changements de langue, mais aussi leur organisation multimodale : l’organisation incarnée (embodied) du code-switching n’a pratiquement pas encore été explorée et la participation incarnée reste sous-étudiée, ainsi que son lien avec des espaces interactionnels spécifiques. Ce chapitre montre que les détails multimodaux sont cruciaux pour la compréhension des liens entre plurilinguisme et participation en tant que dynamiques occasionnées, contingentes et émergentes.
In this chapter, we overview the specificity of comparisons made within the perspective of Conversation Analysis (CA), and we position them in relation to other fields. We introduce the analytical mentality, methodology, and procedures of CA, and we show how we used it for the analysis of OKAY in this volume.
Cette contribution propose une analyse qualitative et quantitative des reformulations sur des données interactionnelles. Pour la constitution du corpus d’étude, nous nous appuyons sur un outil de détection automatique des hétéro-répétitions, considérées comme indices de reformulation. Après avoir illustré les éléments qui ont présidé à la conception de l’outil, nous présentons le paramétrage de cette ressource, que nous avons testée sur quatre enregistrements de la base de données CLAPI. Cette étude souligne la pertinence de l’approche interactionnelle dans l’analyse des hétéro-répétitions, en en montrant les fonctionnalités multiples, notamment dans les pratiques de reformulation dans la conversation.
This special issue investigates early responses—responsive actions that (start to) unfold while the production of the responded-to turn and action is still under way. Although timing in human conduct has gained intense interest in research, the early production of responsive actions has so far largely remained unexplored. But what makes early responses possible? What do such responses tell us about the complex interplay between syntax, prosody, and embodied conduct? And what sorts of actions do participants accomplish by means of such early responses? By addressing these questions, the special issue seeks to offer new advances in the systematic analysis of temporal organization in interaction, contributing to broader discussions in the language and cognitive sciences as to the social coordination of human conduct. In this introductory article, we discuss the role of temporality and sequentiality in social interaction, specifically focusing on projective and anticipatory mechanisms and the interplay between multiple semiotic resources, which are crucial for making early responses possible.
Cette contribution discute différents enjeux dégagés lors d’une étude des pratiques professionnelles plurilingues : ces enjeux ont émergé d’une analyse menée collaborativement par deux équipes de chercheurs, à Lyon et à Paris, participant au projet européen DYLAN (6e programme cadre) et élaborant ensemble l’analyse empirique d’un extrait d’une réunion de travail, enregistrée dans le cadre d’une collaboration sur un même terrain. Cette analyse est l’occasion de thématiser de manière exemplaire un certain nombre de questions surgissant de l’étude des contacts des langues dans les contextes professionnels, concernant aussi bien les enjeux épistémologiques que l'engagement du chercheur sur le terrain.
This paper offers a detailed analysis of the opening of an international meeting. English Lingua Franca as the official language of the meeting is actively discussed and negotiated by the participants. The analysis highlights the issues identified by the participants themselves in choosing a linguistic regime for their professional exchanges. The English Lingua Franca regime is aimed at facilitating the participation of some of the participants, but creates problems for others, too. The chairman deals with this situation in an embodied way (through his gaze, gesture, bodily postures, and by the way in which he walks through the room), displaying that he orients to different member categories (such as 'anglophone', 'anglophone who can understand French', 'francophile', etc.) as benefitting from or resisting against the definitive language choice.
This paper aims at contributing to the analysis of overlaps in turns-at-talk from both a sequential and a multimodal perspective. Overlaps have been studied within Conversation Analysis by focusing mainly on verbal and vocal resources; taking into account multimodal resources such as gesture, bodily posture, and gaze contributes to a better understanding of participants’ orientations to the sequential organization of overlapping talk and their management of speakership. First, we introduce the way in which overlaps have been studied in Conversation Analysis, mainly by Jefferson (1973, 1983, 2004) and Schegloff (2000); then we propose possible implications of their multimodal analysis. In order to demonstrate that speakers systematically orient to the overlap onset and resolution we analyze the multimodal conduct of overlapped speakers. Findings show methodical variations in trajectories of overlap resolution: speakers’ gestures in overlap display themselves as maintaining or withdrawing their turn, thereby exhibiting the speakership achieved and negotiated during overlap.
Focusing on request sequences, this article explores dynamics of projection and anticipation, enabling participants to produce early responses to requests. In particular, the analyses highlight the importance of multimodal formatting and the specific temporalities of multiple multimodal resources for the emergence of projections and the possibility to anticipate an ongoing action. Moreover, the analyses pinpoint the relevance of the local ecology and the praxeological context for the participants, enabling them to anticipate the next relevant action. These features characterizing the temporality of multimodal Gestalts, the relevance of the local ecology, and the details of the praxeological context make it possible for participants to produce very early responses and also to accomplish an action even before it has been actually requested.
Dieses Kapitel befasst sich mit dem Zusammenspiel von Raum und Interaktion und konzentriert sich auf die dynamischen Organisationsformen sozialer Handlungen unter Berücksichtigung verbaler und sichtbarer Ressourcen. Durch die Untersuchung eines spezifischen Settings – professionelle Interaktionen in einem Radiostudio – werden wir empirisch beschreiben und konzeptualisieren, wie ein gebauter bzw. stark architekturierter Raum im Rahmen institutioneller Praktiken genutzt und relevant gesetzt wird. So soll zu aktuellen Überlegungen zu Interaktionsraum und -architektur, zu Raum als Ressource sowie als materiellem Umfeld beigetragen werden. Unsere ethnomethodologische und konversationsanalytische Perspektive wird von aktuellen Debatten über den sogenannten spatial turn in der interaktionalen Forschung beeinflusst (Kap. 1.1). Auf Grundlage eines in einem Radiostudio erstellten Videokorpus (Kap. 1.2) wird zunächst die Verbindung zwischen einem architektonisch und technologisch komplexen Umfeld und dem interaktionalen Handeln der Teilnehmer skizziert (Kap. 2.1, Kap. 2.2). Es folgt die detaillierte Analyse eines Einzelfalls (Kap. 3), in dem die Radiomoderatoren einen Text für den nächsten Sendeabschnitt vorbereiten. Hier werden die räumlichen Charakteristika sichtbar, die bei der Arbeit nach und nach relevant gesetzt werden (Kap. 4).
Dieser Artikel schlägt eine Reflexion vor über die möglichen Konvergenzen zwischen einerseits einer linguistischen Betrachtungsweise der wissenschaftlichen Interaktion, welche empfänglich für die „analytische Mentalität“ der ethnomethodologisch beeinflussten Konversationsanalyse ist, und andererseits einer Betrachtungsweise der wissenschaftlichen Praktiken, wie sie von den social studies of science befürwortet wird, zu denen die ethnomethodologischen Untersuchungen der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit auf zentrale Weise beigetragen haben. Die nun folgende Überlegung wird nicht auf abstrakte Art vollzogen werden, sondern auf der Grundlage von empirischen Daten, bei denen es sich um Tonband- und Videoaufnahmen von Interaktionen zwischen Forschern bei der Ausübung ihrer alltäglichen wissenschaftlichen Arbeit handelt. Die analysierten Transkriptionsauszüge werden es uns ermöglichen, die grundsätzlichen Anfangsüberlegungen, die unserer Analysepraxis zugrunde liegen, konkret aufzuzeigen; wir werden unsere Aufmerksamkeit besonders auf diejenigen Methoden lenken, mittels derer die Interaktionspartner eines ersten Sprechers nach der Äußerung seiner Proposition mit dem Gespräch fortfahren, um diese erste Proposition anzunehmen, zu verändern oder abzulehnen. Eine solche empirische Durchmusterung wird es uns erlauben, die Art zu verdeutlichen, wie die interaktionalen Praktiken der Forscher in den Entstehungsprozess des wissenschaftlichen Wissens, in das Erscheinen von Argumenten, Thesen und Ideen eingreifen, die sich entweder durchsetzen und stabilisieren können oder aber die, im Gegenteil, instabil und kontrovers bleiben, d.h. die es schaffen oder umgekehrt es gerade nicht schaffen, sich in Wissensobjekten herauszukristallisieren.
This chapter focuses on the way in which co-present parties in meetings manage language choice and treat it as raising problems of participation - in the sense that participants can orient to the fact that a given language choice may increase or diminish participation for some or all co-present group members. Choosing one language rather than another is approached here as a members' problem (in an ethnomethodological sense), and as a decision the participants make themselves, in situ and within their courses of action, displaying the way in which they orient to its local consequences, and how they justify and legitimize it. In order to explore this link between language choice and participation systematically, in this chapter we focus on a particular and recurrent phenomenon, the announcement of a language change. Within the conversation analysis framework, we analyse these announcements by taking into account the sequential position in which they occur, their format, the way in which they are addressed to a sub-group or to the group as a whole, and the specific action they accomplish. We will also look at how the group receives the announcement, its effects on the participation framework, as well as the categorizations that ensue from it. This chapter therefore highlights the mutual configuration between language choice and participation framework. Our analyses are based on several video- and audio-recorded corpora of international work meetings. These video data call for reflection not only on the linguistic dimension of participation frameworks and language switches, but more broadly on their multimodal organization. This chapter shows that multimodal details are crucial if we aim to understand the relation between multilingualism and participation as occasioned, contingent and emergent dynamics.
On the basis of a single case analysis of the emergence of an ethnic joke, this paper explores issues related to laughter in international business meetings. More particularly, it deals with ways in which a person's name is correctly pronounced. Speakers and co-participants seem to orient towards ‘proper’ ways of vocalizing names and to consequent ‘variations’ or ‘deviations’ from them, making different ways of pronunciation available as a laughable. In making such pronunciation variations available, accountable and recognizable, participants reflexively establish as relevant the multilingual character of the activity, of the participants’ competences and of the setting; conversely, they exploit these multilingual features within specific social practices, leading to laughter.
Our analysis focuses on the contexts of action, the sequential environments and the interactional practices by which the uttering of a name becomes a ‘laughable’ and then a resource for an ethnic joke. Moreover, it explores the implications of transforming the pronunciation into a laughable in terms of the organization of the ongoing activity, changing participation frameworks and membership categorizations. In this sense, it highlights the flexible structure of groups and the way in which laughter reconfigures them through local affiliating and disaffiliating moves, and by making various national categories available and relevant.
Drawing on naturalistic video and audio recordings of international meetings, and within the framework of conversation analysis, ethnomethodology and interactional linguistics, this chapter studies how multilingual resources are mobilized in social interactions among professionals, how available linguistic and embodied resources are identified and used by the participants, which solutions are locally elaborated by them when they are confronted with various languages spoken but not shared among them, and which definition of multilingualism they adopt for all practical purposes. Focusing on the multilingual solutions emically elaborated in international professional meetings, we show that the participants orient to a double principle: on the one hand, they orient to the progressivity of the interaction, adopting all the possible resources that enable them to go on within the current activity; on the other hand, they orient to the intersubjectivity of the interaction, treating, preventing and repairing possible troubles and problems of understanding. Specific multilingual solutions can be adopted to keep this difficult balance between progressivity and intersubjectivity; they vary according to the settings, the competences at hand, the linguistic and embodied resources locally defined by the participants as publicly available, the multilingual resources treated as totally or partially shared, as transparent or opaque, and as needing repair or not. The paper begins by sketching the analytical framework, including the methodology and the data collected; it then presents some general findings, before offering an analysis of various ways in which participants keep the balance between progressivity and intersubjectivity in different multilingual interactional contexts.
Overtaking as an interactional achievement : video analyses of participants' practices in traffic
(2018)
In this article we pursue a systematic and extensive study of overtaking in traffic as an interactional event. Our focus is on the accountable organisation and accomplishment of overtaking by road users in real-world traffic situations. Data and analysis are drawn from multiple research groups studying driving from an ethnomethodological and conversation analytic perspective. Building on multimodal and sequential analyses of video recordings of overtaking events, the article describes the shared practices which overtakers and overtaken parties use in displaying, recognizing and coordinating their manoeuvres. It examines the three sequential phases of an overtaking event: preparation and projection; the overtaking proper; the re-alignment post-phase including retrospective accounts and assessments. We identify how during each of these phases drivers and passengers organize intra-vehicle and inter-vehicle practices: driving and non-driving related talk between vehicle- occupants, the emerging spatiotemporal ecology of the road, and the driving actions of other road users. The data is derived from a two camera set-up recording the road ahead and car interior. The recordings are from three settings: daily commuting, driving lessons, race-car coaching. The events occur on a variety of road types (motorways, country roads, city streets, a race track, etc.), in six languages (English, Finnish, French, German, Italian, and Swedish) and in seven countries (Australia, Finland, France, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK). From an exceptionally diverse collection of video data, the study of which is made possible thanks to the innovative collaboration of multiple researchers, the article exhibits the range of practical challenges and communicative skills involved in overtaking.
Dans le cadre de l’ethnométhodologie et de l’analyse conversationnelle, cet article s’intéresse à la production de la parole radiophonique en contexte, telle qu’elle est accomplie en temps réel et de manière située, incarnée et soutenue technologiquement dans le studio. Il vise ainsi à replacer la parole radiophonique dans son écologie matérielle et à l’aborder dans ses processus de production plutôt que comme un produit fini. L’analyse se focalise sur les instants qui précèdent immédiatement la prise de parole des animateurs, sur le moment où ils procèdent aux derniers échanges coordonnant leur parole à l’antenne et où ils mobilisent une série de ressources technologiques juste avant le passage au direct : ils précisent ou confirment les dernières prises de décision concernant ce qu’ils vont dire et la manière de le dire, prennent en main leur casque, le mettent, arrangent le micro, effectuent les derniers réglages de régie. Ce moment révèle les arrangements technologiques – dans la mobilisation de plusieurs artefacts - et interactionnels – dans la mise en œuvre de procédés de coordination et d’ajustement mutuel - complexes qui rendent possible la parole en direct.
L’équipe de Lyon étudie la façon dont les ressources plurilingues sont mobilisées dans des activités collaboratives au sein du travail d’équipe. La démarche analytique est inspirée de l’Analyse Conversationnelle d’emprunte ethnomethodologique, et considère comme centrale la relation entre ressources plurilingues et organisation située des usages linguistiques et des pratiques sociales. Ces deux aspects sont réflexivement articulés, les ressources plurilingues étant modelées par leur contexte d’utilisation, et les activités étant mutuellement contraintes et structurées par les ressources disponibles.
Our research task consists in the study of the way in which multilingual resources are mobilized in team work within collaborative activities; how they are exploited in a specific way in order both to enhance collaboration and to respect the specificities of the members’ linguistic competences and practices within the team. Central to our analytical work, which is inspired by ethnomethodological conversation analysis, is the relationship between multilingual resources and the situated organization of linguistic uses and of social practices. These two aspects are reflexively articulated, multilingual resources being shaped by the very contexts of their use and activities being constrained and thus structured by the available resources.
The present paper explores how rules are enforced and talked about in everyday life. Drawing on a corpus of board game recordings across European languages, we identify a sequential and praxeological context for rule talk. After a game rule is breached, a participant enforces proper play and then formulates a rule with an impersonal deontic statement (e.g. “It’s not allowed to do this”). Impersonal deontic statements express what may or may not be done without tying the obligation to a particular individual. Our analysis shows that such statements are used as part of multi-unit and multi-modal turns where rule talk is accomplished through both grammatical and embodied means. Impersonal deontic statements serve multiple interactional goals: they account for having changed another’s behavior in the moment and at the same time impart knowledge for the future. We refer to this complex action as an “instruction.” The results of this study advance our understanding of rules and rule-following in everyday life, and of how resources of language and the body are combined to enforce and formulate rules.
The Lyon’s team research task consists in the study of the way in which multilingual resources are mobilized in team work within collaborative activities; how they are exploited in a specific way in order both to enhance collaboration and to respect the specificities of the members’ linguistic competences and practices within the team. Central to our analytical work, which is inspired by ethnomethodological conversation analysis, is the relationship between multilingual resources and the situated organization of linguistic uses and of social practices.
Cet article se penche sur un épisode radiophonique durant lequel deux animateurs effectuent un coming out hétérosexuel à l’occasion de la journée internationale du coming out (11 octobre). Dans une perspective issue de l’analyse conversationnelle d’inspiration ethnométhodologique, il étudie une collection d’occurrences de coming out, permettant non seulement d’identifier un format séquentiel récurrent et la manière dont il contribue à l’efficacité de la pratique, mais aussi de réfléchir à la façon dont il peut être utilisé dans différents contextes sociaux, notamment médiatisés et médiatiques. En particulier, l’article montre comment la pratique est au service d’une émission radiophonique sur le coming out et prépare la transition vers le traitement de l’homosexualité à la radio. Grâce à un enregistrement vidéo du travail des animateurs dans le studio de radio, l’article décrit la façon dont le thème de la journée internationale du coming out est fabriqué et orchestré dans les coulisses de la radio et sur les ondes. Ce faisant, il montre la contribution d’une analyse conversationnelle à l’approche du coming out dans les études de genre – où la pratique est largement discutée mais sans être analysée sur la base d’occurrences documentées. L’article revient ainsi sur l’épistémologie du closet chère à Eve Sedgwick, en proposant une anatomie du coming out en contexte médiatisé, qui en éclaire les enjeux non seulement épistémiques mais aussi de normativisation, publicisation et spectacularisation.