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Einigendes Band zerfasert?
(1991)
Since the late 18th century the notion of an "organism of language" has been dominating the views of the essence of language in Germany. It was a crucial aspect of this notion that languages were something living and had to be described as living beings. It was this aspect in particular that was severely criticized in the second half of the 19th century as no longer meeting the standards of a more sophisticated biological concept of life. It must be borne in mind, though, that the notion of organism developed in the intellectual context of German natural philosophy, where one basic assumption was that all three kingdoms of nature—plants, animals, and minerals as well— breathe life, and are manifestations of a living earth in a living cosmos. Corresponding to the assumed unity of life processes was the aspiration after uniform philosophical and scientific principles of their investigation; and there accordingly was little hesitation to exchange terminologies, conceptions, metaphors, methods, and speculations between disciplines. This provides the backdrop also for the rapprochement of linguistics and the geosciences among adherents of natural philosophy, mediated by Carl Ritter's anthropological geography and Alexander von Humboldt’s Kosmos.
The notion of life could be applied in classification and periodization in relatively concrete ways (as for example, when speaking of the youth, adulthood, and old age of both languages and the earth), or could be made use of in more abstract speculative schemes (evident for example, in Jacob Grimm's preference for triads), whose impact has so far been little investigated. In the 19th century, advances in the geosciences lead to entirely new insights into the course of the history of the earth. What was emerging more slowly was a realistic picture of the time spans to be taken into account in anthropology and linguistics. Authors such as Adelung and Grimm still saw it as their task in principle to account for linguistic developments throughout the entire history of mankind, subject to certain geographical limitations. Such ambition was premature, though, since serious anthropologically orientated research into tens of thousands of years of linguistic and cultural prehistory, reaching well beyond the limits of traditional reconstructions, is only beginning today.
Situiertheit
(1993)
Les séquences argumentatives dans les discussions conflictuelles entre mères et filles adolescentes
(1994)
In Anlehnung an die Theorie der Individuation wird vermutet, dass das Gesprächsverhalten von Müttern und jugendlichen Töchtern in konfliktären Interaktionen durch Kontrolltendenzen auf Seiten der Mütter und Abgrenzungstendenzen auf Seiten der Töchter determiniert wird. Das Aufeinandertreffen konträrer partnerbezogener Intentionen sollte sich in bestimmten Regelmäßigkeiten bei der Abfolge von gesprächsorganisatorischen und argumentativen Äußerungen niederschlagen. Als Datenbasis dienten 60 Konfliktgespräche zwischen 30 Müttern und ihren jugendlichen Töchtern im Alter von 12 bis 24 Jahren. Jede Dyade diskutierte zwei aktuelle Konflikte. Die transkribierten Gespräche wurden nach einem Argumentations-Kategorien-System in Einheiten zerlegt und klassifiziert. Gesprächsorganisatorische Kategorien waren Initiativen sowie positive und negative Reaktionen auf Initiativen. Argumente wurden in ihrer Bezugnahme auf ein Ziel oder ein anderes Argument nach ihrer stärkenden, modifizierenden, schwächenden, zustimmenden oder ablehnenden Funktion unterschieden. Die Auswertungen erfolgten über lag-sequentielle Analysen. Als statistisch signifikante Muster resultierten das Repetionsphänomen (Initiativen werden vor allem von Müttern häufig wiederholt), die Argumentkonfrontation (Gegenargumente werden überzufällig häufig mit Gegenargumenten gekontert) und ein positiver sowie ein negativer Reaktionszyklus (sowohl positive als auch negative Reaktionen ziehen Partnerreaktionen der gleichen Qualität nach sich). Die Ergebnisse stehen in Einklang mit den entwicklungspsychologischen Annahmen über die partnerbezogenen Intentionen von Müttern und jugendlichen Töchtern.
This paper deals with multiword lexemes (MWLs), focussing on two types of verbal MWLs: verbal idioms and support verb constructions. We discuss the characteristic properties of MWLs, namely nonstandard compositionality, restricted substitutability of components, and restricted morpho-syntactic flexibility, and we show how these properties may cause serious problems during the analysis, generation, and transfer steps of machine translation systems. In order to cope with these problems, MT lexicons need to provide detailed descriptions of MWL properties. We list the types of information which we consider the necessary minimum for a successful processing of MWLs, and report on some feasibility studies aimed at the automatic extraction of German verbal multiword lexemes from text corpora and machine-readable dictionaries.
In dependenzsyntaktischen Systemen wie denen von Engel (1982), Hudson (1984), Schubert (1987), Mel'čuk (1988) oder Starosta (1988) können gemeinhin nur Wörter andere Wörter oder Phrasen regieren. Auch wenn diese Annahme durchaus praktikabel ist, führt sie doch zu einer ganzen Reihe von syntaxtheoretischen Unzulänglichkeiten, die ausgearbeitete Dependenzgrammatiken gegenüber konkurrierenden Grammatiktheorien als unzulänglich erscheinen lassen. Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrages ist es, die Notwendigkeit darzulegen, auch komplexeren Einheiten Rektionsfähigkeit zuzugestehen, und mit dem Konzept des 'komplexen Elements' ein geeignetes formales Instrument dafür zur Verfügung zu stellen.
The vowel quality in some diphthongs of Swabian (an upper german dialect) was determined by measurement of first and second formant values. A minimal contrast could be shown between two different diphthong qualities […], where for Standard German only one is assumed, viz. /ai/. The two diphthong qualities differ only slightly in onset and offset vowel quality, so a better understanding of their relationship was expected from an examination of their dynamic aspects. Our preliminary results suggest that there is indeed a difference in the temporal structure of the two diphthongs.
This paper deals with the distribution of word length in short native mythological and historical Eskimo narrative texts. To my knowledge, no Eskimo‐Aleut data have been the object of quantitative linguistic investigation so far. Due to the strong linguistic and Stylistic homogeneity of the examined texts it was assumed that these texts can be subsumed under a single law of word length distribution, if word length distribution of a text is considered as a function of certain of its properties, such as author, language, and genre. So far, word length distribution in texts of a wide variety of languages and genres has been demonstrated to follow distributions of the compound Poisson family of discrete probability distributions. In view of the morphological idiosyncrasies of the Eskimo language in general, which are responsible for an unusually high mean word length of about 4.5 to 5.2 syllables per word in the texts, it is interesting to see whether Eskimo texts show a significantly different behaviour with respect to word length. The results demonstrate that the Eskimo data employed in this study can be fitted well by the Hyperpoisson distribution. Two further discrete probability distributions will be deduced from certain morphology‐based assumptions about Eskimo. It turns out that most of the Eskimo data can be fitted by these two distributions. The question to what extent these results point to a more grammar‐oriented theory of word length is also discussed.
This paper deals with different views of lexical semantics. The focus is on the relationship between lexical expressions and conceptual components. First the assumptions about lexicalization and decompositionality of concepts shared by the most semanticists are presented, followed by a discussion of the differences between two-level-semantics and one-level-semantics. The final part is concentrated on the interpretation of conceptual components in situations of communication.
Durch den Dezentralisierungsprozess in Großbritannien gibt es seit etwa einem Jahr neue Hoffnung für ein dauerhaftes Überleben der gälischen Sprache in Schottland. Mit der Einrichtung eines schottischen Parlaments, das seit Mai 1999 für innere Belange Schottlands verantwortlich ist, ist die gälischsprachige Bevölkerung viel näher an das Machtzentrum heran gerückt.
We provide a unified account of semantic effects observable in attested examples of the German applicative (‘be-’) construction, e.g. Rollstuhlfahrer Poul Sehachsen aus Kopenhagen will den 1997 erschienenen Wegweiser Handiguide Europa fortführen und zusammen mit Movado Berlin berollen (‘Wheelchair user Poul Schacksen from Copenhagen wants to continue the guide ‘Handiguide Europe’, which came out in 1997, and roll Berlin together with Movado.’). We argue that these effects do not come from lexico-semantic operations on ‘input’ verbs, but are instead the products of a reconciliation procedure in which the meaning of the verb is integrated into the event-structure schema denoted by the applicative construction. We analyze the applicative pattern as an argument-structure construction, in terms of Goldberg (1995). We contrast this approach with that of Brinkmann (1997), in which properties associated with the applicative pattern (e.g. omissibility of the theme argument, holistic interpretation of the goal argument, and planar construal of the location argument) are attributed to general semantico-pragmatic principles. We undermine the generality of the principles as stated, and assert that these properties are instead construction-particular. We further argue that the constructional account provides an elegant model of the valence-creation and valence-augmentation functions of the prefix. We describe the constructional semantics as prototype-based: diverse implications of fee-predications, including iteration, transfer, affectedness, intensity and saturation, derive via regular patterns of semantic extension from the topological concept of coverage.
MRI data of German vowels and consonants was acquired for 9 speakers. In this paper tongue contours for the vowels were analyzed using the three-mode factor analysis technique PARAFAC. After some difficulties, probably related to what constitutes an adequate speaker sample for this three-mode technique to work, a stable two-factor solution was extracted that explained about 90% of the variance. Factor 1 roughly captured the dimension low back to high front; Factor 2 that from mid front to high back. These factors are compared with earlier models based on PARAFAC. These analyses were based on midsagittal contours; the paper concludes by illustrating from coronal and axial sections how non-midline information could be incorporated into this approach.
Analyses of jaw movement(obtained by Electromagnetic Articulography) and acoustics show that loud speech is an intricate phenomenon. Besides involving higher intensity and subglottal pressure it affects jaw movements as well as fundamental frequency and especially first formants. It is argued that all these effects serve the purpose of enhancing perceptual salience.
When a noise verb is used to indicate verbal communication, factors from both the source domain of the verb (perception) and the target domain (communication) play a role in determining the argument structure of the sentence. While the target domain supplies a syntactic structure, the source domain’s semantics constrain the degree to which that syntactic structure can be exploited. This can be determined by comparing noise verbs in this use with manner-of-communication verbs, which are superficially similar, but native to communication. Data for these two classes of verbs were drawn from the British National Corpus. The data were annotated with frame-semantic markup, as described in the Berkeley FrameNet Project. We compared the presence, type of syntactic realization, and position of the semantically annotated arguments for both classes of verbs. We found that noise and manner verbs show statistically significant differences in these three areas. For instance, noise verbs are more focused on the form of the message than manner verbs: noise verbs appear more frequently with a quoted message. In addition, there are differences other than the complementation patterns: certain noise verbs are biased with respect to speakers’ genders, message types, and even orthography in quoted messages
In the context of the HyTex project, our goal is to convert a corpus into a hypertext, basing conversion strategies on annotations which explicitly mark up the text-grammatical structures and relations between text segments. Domain-specific knowledge is represented in the form of a knowledge net, using topic maps. We use XML as an interchange format. In this paper, we focus on a declarative rule language designed to express conversion strategies in terms of text-grammatical structures and hypertext results. The strategies can be formulated in a concise formal syntax which is independend of the markup, and which can be transformed automatically into executable program code.
Der Kurzbeitrag berichtet über ein Projekt ”Hypertextualisierung auf textgrammatischer Grundlage“ (HyTex), in dem erforscht wird, wie sich linear organisierte Dokumente mit semiautomatischen Methoden auf der Grundlage von textgrammatischem Markup und der linguistisch motivierten Modellierung terminologischen Wissens in delinearisierte Hyperdokumente überführen lassen. Ziel ist es, eine Sammlung von Fachtexten so in einen Hypertext zu überführen, dass terminologiebedingte Verständnisschwierigkeiten beim Lesen durch entsprechende Linkangebote aufgelöst werden, so dass die Fachtexte auch von Semi-Experten der Domäne selektiv gelesen werden können. Der Schwerpunkt des Beitrags liegt auf der Modellierung terminologischen Wissens mit XML Topic Maps und dessen Stellenwert für die automatische Erzeugung von Hyperlinks.
In this chapter, emotions are not regarded primarily as internal-psychological phenomena, but as socially proscribed and formed entities, which are constituted in accordance with social rules of emotionality and which are manifested, interpreted, and processed together communicatively in the interaction for definite purposes by the persons involved. In the elaboration of such an interactive conception of emotionality, the following aspects are treated: the value of emotionality in linguistic theories; emotions as a specific form of experiencing; the rules of emotionality; communication of emotions as transmission of evaluations; practices of manifestation, interpretation and processing of emotions in the communication process; fundamental interrelations between emotions and communication behavior; and methodology of the analysis of emotions and emotionality in specific conversation types. Finally, the developed theoretical apparatus in the analysis of two short conversation sections is elucidated.
The main point of this chapter is to demonstrate how a speaker’s concept of his/her professional role can be inferred from his/her perspectival work (perspective setting and relating different perspectives to one another) in professional encounters. Thereby some risks of complex perspectival work in discourse will become manifest which result - at one point in the talk - in perspectival inconsistency, revealing a deeply grounded social problem for the speaker. This will be examined in the framework of a rhetorical conversation analysis.
Generierung von Linkangeboten zur Rekonstruktion terminologiebedingter Wissensvoraussetzungen
(2002)
Dieser Beitrag skizziert Strategien zur (semi-)automatischen Annotation von definitorischen Textsegmenten und Termverwendungsinstanzen auf der Grundlage grammatisch annotierter Korpora. Ziel unserer Überlegungen ist es, bei der selektiven Rezeption von Fachtexten in einer Hypertextumgebung die je spezifischen Wissensvoraussetzungen, die der Verwendung von Fachtermini unterliegen und die für das Textverständnis eine entscheidende Rolle spielen, über automatisch generierte Linkangebote rekonstruierbar zu machen.
The paper investigates the evolution of document grammars from a linguistic point of view. Document grammars have been developed in the past decades in order to formalize knowledge on the structure of textual information. A well-known instance of a document grammar is the »Document Type Definition« (DTD) as part of the Extensible Markup Language (XML). DTDs allow to define so-called tree grammars that constrain the application of tag-sets in the process of annotation of a document. In an XML-based document workflow, DTDs play a crucial role for validation and transforming huge amounts of texts in standardized data formats. An interesting point in the development of XML DTDs is the fact that the restriction of the formal expressiveness paved the way to understand the formal properties of document grammars better and to develop more a powerful version like XML Schema recently. In this sense, the simplicity of the original approach, resulting from the necessary restriction of previous approaches, yielded new complexity on formally understood grounds.
In order to determine priorities for the improvement of timing in synthetic speech this study looks at the role of segmental duration prediction and the role of phonological symbolic representation in the perceptual quality of a text-to-speech system. In perception experiments using German speech synthesis, two standard duration models (Klatt rules and CART) were tested. The input to these models consisted of a symbolic representation which was either derived from a database or a text-to-speech system. Results of the perception experiments show that different duration models can only be distinguished when the symbolic representation is appropriate. Considering the relative importance of the symbolic representation, post-lexical segmental rules were investigated with the outcome that listeners differ in their preferences regarding the degree of segmental reduction. As a conclusion, before fine-tuning the duration prediction, it is important to derive an appropriate phonological symbolic representation in order to improve timing in synthetic speech.
The analysis which we present in this paper is part of an ethnographically based sociolinguistic study of various immigrant youth groups and their social style of communication. The study describes the wide variety of migrant groups and their socio-cultural orientation in relation to different migrant worlds as well as to different social worlds of the dominant German society. The development of a social style of communication is grounded in the groups’ socio-cultural orientation as well as in the perception of themselves in relation to relevant others. The main purpose of our study is to analyse the construction of the groups’ social identity in terms of their social style of communication.
Dieser Beitrag skizziert die Möglichkeiten, die die Extensible Markup Language (XML) im Umfeld von eLearning und Web Based Training (WBT) eröffnet. Bisherige eLearning-Angebote kranken an verschiedenen Problemen, die durch die Verwendung von XML-basierten Learning Objects vermieden werden können. Ausgehend vom aktuellen Stand im Projekt MiLCA - Medienintensive Lehrmodule in der Computerlinguistik-Ausbildung - soll zudem ein Ausblick auf zukünftige technische Möglichkeiten des Computer-gestützten Lernens gegeben werden.
Das Bild von der 'Sprache der DDR' in der alten Bundesrepublik oder: Haben sie so gesprochen?
(2004)
The establishment of Scottish Parliament: What difference does it make for the Gaelic language?
(2004)
After the Labour government takeover in Westminster in 1997, followed by the referendum on establishing a Scottish Parliament, hopes for more support for the Gaelic language in Scotland were nourished. In the election campaign to the Scottish Parliament in 1999, all parties which were elected to Parliament had mentioned Gaelic, and all parties except the Conservatives had promised an increase in support for Gaelic (cf. Scottish parties’ election manifestoes, obtainable from the parties or via their web sites). Now that the new Scottish Executive, formed by Labour and the Liberal Democrats, has been in power for some time, it is interesting to see if these hopes have been fulfilled.
The two core questions of this paper will thus be:
1. What is the status of Scottish Gaelic after the devolution process?
2. What difference does the existence of the Scottish Parliament make for the status of Gaelic?
It is important to note that this paper refers to language status and Gaelic’s position from a mere language policy perspective. The results are mostly based on an analysis of Parliament documents, the method of investigation being strictly philological. Empirical research has not yet been undertaken. The reference time of my paper will be the first year of Scottish Parliament and the new executive. Even though this is an arbitrary time break, the first year is a symbolic point of time. As the first legislation period as a possibly more natural reference point is not over yet, this choice seems legitimate.
Wer über die aktuelle Entwicklung des Deutschen, über Sprachpflege und Sprach-politik in Deutschland spricht, muss unausweichlich auch über Englisch reden. Darin unterscheidet sich mein Bericht nicht von denen aus mehreren anderen europäischen Ländern. Meine Kapitel heißen Anglizismen, Domänenverslust, Sprachpolitik.
One major issue in the accomplishment of contrasts in conversation is lexical choice of items which carry the semantic Ioad of the two states of affair which are represented as being opposed to one another. These items or expressions are co-selected to be understood as being contrastively related to each other. In this paper, it is argued that the activity of contrasting itself provides them with a specific local opposite meaning which they would not obtain in other contexts. Practices of contrastingare thus seen as an example of conversational activities which creatively and systematically affect situated meanings. Basedon data from various genres, such as meetings, mediation sessions and conversations, the paper discusses two practices of contrasting, their sequential construction and their interpretative effects. It is concluded that the interpretative effects of conversational contrasting rest on the sequential deployment oflinguistic resources and on the cognitive procedures of frame-based interpretation and constructing a maximally contrastive interpretation for the co-selected expressions.
In this paper, I argue against the analyses of the there-construction by Moro (1997) and Hoekstra & Mulder (1990) and for an analysis in the frame of Williams (1994), Hazout (2004) from two angles. First of all, Moro and Hoekstra & Mulder do not correctly predict the behaviour of the there-construction under wh-movement; second, from a semantic point of view, the predicate in the small clause structure is the postverbal DP and not there. Alternatively, I follow the proposal by Williams (1994) in which there is the subject of predication and I will point out a direction to analyse the problematic wh-movement data within this framework.