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In diesem Beitrag liegt der Fokus auf der Vorfeldbesetzung des deutschen Satzes, insofern das Vorfeld einerseits aus einem Satzglied oder mehreren Satzgliedern und einem infiniten Teil des Verbalkomplexes oder andererseits nur aus dem infiniten Teil des Verbalkomplexes besteht. Bei diesen Formen der Vorfeldbesetzung werden Varianten und deren informationsstrukturelle Besonderheiten betrachtet. Des Weiteren soll der Frage nachgegangen werden, ob – entgegen einer haufig vorgebrachten Regel, dass das Vorfeld des deutschen Satzes nur einfach besetzt werden kann – eindeutige und auch akzeptable Belege in den Wikipedia-Korpora auffindbar sind, die darauf hinweisen, dass im Deutschen durchaus eine Vorfeldbesetzung mit mehr als einem Satzglied auftreten kann.
The paper presents best practices and results from projects dedicated to the creation of corpora of computer-mediated communication and social media interactions (CMC) from four different countries. Even though there are still many open issues related to building and annotating corpora of this type, there already exists a range of tested solutions which may serve as a starting point for a comprehensive discussion on how future standards for CMC corpora could (and should) be shaped like.
The paper reports on the results of a scientific colloquium dedicated to the creation of standards and best practices which are needed to facilitate the integration of language resources for CMC stemming from different origins and the linguistic analysis of CMC phenomena in different languages and genres. The key issue to be solved is that of interoperability – with respect to the structural representation of CMC genres, linguistic annotations metadata, and anonymization/pseudonymization schemas. The objective of the paper is to convince more projects to partake in a discussion about standards for CMC corpora and for the creation of a CMC corpus infrastructure across languages and genres. In view of the broad range of corpus projects which are currently underway all over Europe, there is a great window of opportunity for the creation of standards in a bottom-up approach.
Ein integriertes Datenbank-, Such- und Tagging-Tool (IDaSTo) wird vorgestellt, das sich besonders für Variablenanalysen, für Paralleltexte und für diachronische Untersuchungen eignet. Relevante Kategorien bzw. Variablen können individuell definiert, Tags frei im Text und auf verschiedenen Wegen gesetzt und ihre Häufigkeiten in den verlinkten Statistiken direkt abgerufen werden.
Das 18. Jahrhundert war wissenschaftlich von großen Umbrüchen geprägt, auch im Bereich der Anatomie und Physiologie des Menschen. Die hierauserwachsende lebhafte Diskussion erstreckte sich auch auf das noch sehr junge Gebiet der (mechanischen) Sprachsynthese und ihrer Grundlagen. Das Sprachsynthesekonzept Wolfgang von Kempelens (1734–1804) ist hierbei ein besonders eindrückliches Beispiel dafür, dass eine grundlegende wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis womöglich durch technologische Limitationen nicht notwendigerweise auch praktisch umgesetzt werden kann. Grundsätzlich waren Kempelens Erkenntnisse zur Anatomie und Physiologie des Menschen und damit auch zur Spracherzeugung weitestgehend zutreffend. Die praktische Umsetzung hingegen wirkt aus heutiger Sicht recht kurios. Kempelens Vokaltrakt-Konzept soll exemplarisch dem nur wenig früher entstandenen Prototypen zur Sprachsynthese Christian Gottlieb Kratzensteins (1723–1795) gegenübergestellt werden. Dessen „Erkenntnisse“ müssen heute vielfach als falsch bezeichnet werden; sein Modell zur Vokalsynthese weist einerseits auffällige Parallelen zu demjenigen KEMPELENS auf, geht hinsichtlich der Physiologie jedoch von vielfach irrigen Annahmen aus.
There are a number of recent replicas of Wolfgang von Kempelen's speaking machine. Although all of them are explicitly based on Kempelen's own description nearly none of them are identical in construction and sound. In this paper we want to illustrate some of these differences and their reasons for five replicas built by ourselves.
Wolfgang von Kempelen's book "The Mechanism of Human Speech" from 1791 is a famous milestone in the history of speech communication research. It has an enormous relevance for the phonetic sciences and it marks an important turning point for the development of the (mechanical) speech synthesis. So far no English version of this work was available, which excludes many interested researchers. Access to the original versions in German and French is restricted for various reasons. For example the blackletter script of the German version is troublesome for most of today's readers. We report here on a new edition of Kempelen's book which unites a better readable German version and its English translation. It will now also be in a searchable electronic format and has been enriched with many commentaries, which aid in the understanding of details of the late 18th century that are little known or unknown to many researchers today.
Der Aufsatz befasst sich mit den Besonderheiten der Struktur, der Funktion, der Selektion und des Gebrauchs von Subjektsätzen im Deutschen und Rumänischen. Am Beispiel der Argumentrealisierung bei Psych-Verben wird erkundet, inwiefern sprachübergreifende semantische Bedingungen diese Besonderheiten erklären und in welchem Maße sie von einzelsprachlichen und lexikalischen Besonderheiten gesteuert sind. Im Fokus der Studie stehen dabei (i) die Einordnung des Deutschen und des Rumänischen hinsichtlich der zu beobachtenden typologischen Varianz bei Subjektsätzen, (ii) die Besonderheiten der Aufteilung von Argumenten von Psych-Verben auf zwei Satzglieder durch Argumentdoppelung und Argumentspaltung und (iii) die Ermittlung verbidiosynkratischer, sprachspezifischer und sprachübergreifender Präferenzen bei der Realisierung der Argumente von Psych-Verben über eine quantitative Korpusstudie.
Rezension von: Hanspeter Ortner, Lorelies Ortner - Zur Theorie und Praxis der Kompositionsforschung
(1984)
Question Answering Systems for retrieving information from Knowledge Graphs (KG) have become a major area of interest in recent years. Current systems search for words and entities but cannot search for grammatical phenomena. The purpose of this paper is to present our research on developing a QA System that answers natural language questions about German grammar.
Our goal is to build a KG which contains facts and rules about German grammar, and is also able to answer specific questions about a concrete grammatical issue. An overview of the current research in the topic of QA systems and ontology design is given and we show how we plan to construct the KG by integrating the data in the grammatical information system Grammis, hosted by the Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS). In this paper, we describe the construction of the initial KG, sketch our resulting graph, and demonstrate the effectiveness of such an approach. A grammar correction component will be part of a later stage. The paper concludes with the potential areas for future research.
On the basis of a law text corpus which consists of judicial decisions and jurisprudential papers on so-called assisted suicide from 1977 to 2011, agonal centres are determined within the paradigm of corpus-based pragma-semiotic text analysis. Agonal centres are defined as action-guiding concepts that are in conflict with each other concerning the general acceptance of event interpretations, options for actions, claims of validity, contextual knowledge and values. These action-guiding concepts are derived with the help of quantitative and qualitative methods. Discourse linguistic interpretations are thus rendered more objective with the help of semi-automatic methods; furthermore, specific discourse features of the discourse and approaches to interpretation can be derived from (un)expected linguistic significances of occurrence, distribution, frequency etc. at the linguistic surface. Finally, these agonal centres specific to the language of law are compared to agonal centres which are determined on the basis of a media corpus on the same issue. This provides a comparative insight into the constitution of a seemingly identical fact in everyday and special language, which demonstrates the sociopolitical relevance of analysing the constitution of reality as instructed by language.
Prosodic constructions used to compete for the speaking turn in conversation have been widely studied (French & Local (1983), Kurtić et al. (2013)). Usually, turn competition arises in overlapping talk between at least two speakers. Coordination between participants in their prosodic design of talk (Szczepek-Reed, 2006) and social action (Gorisch et al. 2012), as well as entrainment in more general terms (Levitan et al. 2011), is well established in the literature. Nevertheless, previous studies on turn competition and overlap do not investigate the prosodic design of turn competitive incomings in reference to the orientation of the speakers to each other. Rather, they assume that prosodic constructions are used for turn competition regardless of the co-participants’ design of the turn. In this paper, we ask whether the prosodic design of turn competitive talk is co-constructed between two participants talking in overlap. More specifically, we investigate whether the prosodic design of one participant’s in overlap talk is developed with respect to the interlocutor’s prosodic features during the same portion of overlapped talk, and whether this prosodic matching can discriminate between the overlaps that are competitive and those that are not. 183 Our analyses are based on two-speaker overlaps drawn from a corpus of multi-party face-to face conversation between four friends recorded in British English (Kurtic et al. 2012). 3407 instances of twospeaker overlaps have been extracted from 4 hours of talk. Two independent conversation analysts performed the interactional categorisation of overlaps into competitive and non-competitive for all these two-speaker overlap instances and achieved a good agreement of alpha=0.807 (Krippendorff 2004) as measured on a subset of 808 overlaps selected for our initial analysis. For the analysis of prosodic features we focus on F0 related features: mean, slope, span and contour, all of which have previously been shown to be used by each overlapping speaker separately for turn competition (Kurtic et al. 2009; Oertel et al. 2012). We investigate the similarity in F0 mean, slope and span by correlating these features across the two participants. For F0 contour, a similarity coefficient is computed using dynamic programming method described in Gorisch et al. (2012). We consider the difference in F0 contour similarity in competitive and non-competitive overlaps as an indication of intonational matching being a turn competitive resource. We conduct these analyses for overlaps that are clearly competitive or noncompetitive as indicated by inter-annotator agreement. In addition, we qualitatively explore those cases that annotators disagree on in order to investigate whether they reveal further important interactional or prosodic features of in-overlap talk. Our preliminary results suggest that conversational participants attend and adapt to the interlocutor during overlap depending on whether they return competition or not. We explain our findings in relation to previous work on turn competition in overlap, discuss the quantitative method employed and also address the possible consequences of our results for the study of prosodic realization of other social actions in conversation.