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The authors compare the use of two formats for requesting an object in informal everyday interaction: imperatives, common in our Polish data, and second-person polar questions, common in our English data. Imperatives and polar questions are selected in the same interactional “home environments” across the languages, in which they enact two social actions: drawing on shared responsibility and enlisting assistance, respectively. Speakers across the languages differ in their choice of request format in “mixed” interactional environments that support either. The finding shed light on the orderly ways in which cultural diversity is grounded in invariants of action formation.
This study analyses the use of the Polish wez- V2 (take-V2) double imperative to request here-and-now actions. The analysis is based on a collection of approximately 40 take-V2 double imperatives, which was built from a corpus of 10 hours of video recordings of everyday interactions (preparing and having meals, playing with children, etc.) taking place in the homes of Polish families. A sequential analysis of these data shows that the take-V2 construction is commonly selected in situations where the request recipient could be expected to already be attending to the relevant business (e.g., because they committed to this earlier in the interaction), but isn’t. By selecting the take-V2 format, the request speaker reanimates the recipient´s responsibility for the matter at hand.
Im Dialog übernehmen Sprecher fortlaufend Wörter, grammatische Konstruktionen und andere sprachliche Strukturen ihrer Gesprächsteilnehmer. Die vorliegende Studie widmet sich diesem Phänomen der dialogischen Resonanz aus drei verschiedenen Blickwinkeln: aus der Sicht der Dialogischen Syntax von Du Bois, der Kognitiven Grammatik Langackers und der Konstruktionsgrammatik. Anhand von Resonanzsequenzen aus dem österreichischen Parlament wird zunächst die strukturelle und funktionale Breite und Varianz der dialogischen Resonanzherstellung auf verschiedenen sprachlichen Ebenen beleuchtet. In einem zweiten Schritt stehen die der Resonanzherstellung unterliegenden kognitiven Mechanismen im Mittelpunkt. Dabei geht die Studie explizit paradigmenübergreifend vor und kombiniert Methoden der Gesprächsanalyse mit Theorien und Konzepten der Kognitiven Linguistik. In diesem Sinne situiert sich die Studie in dem noch jungen Feld der Interaktionalen Kognitiven Linguistik, deren Potenzial, aber auch deren Grenzen abschließend kritisch diskutiert werden.
Not macht erfinderisch
(2013)
An experiment on the English caused motion construction in adult- and child-directed speech was conducted to assess in how far (i) verbal frequency biases and (ii) a register-specific preference for explicit and redundant coding influence speakers' selection of argument structure constructions during speaking. Subjects retold the contents of short cartoon video clips to adult and child interaction partners. The stimuli showed events of caused motion which suggested designations with verbs for which caused motion-complementation was either (i) uncommon/unattested, (ii) conventional or (iii) the dominant usage in a sample extracted from the BNC. The results show a significant tendency to avoid more compacted coding (using the caused motion construction instead of a possible two-clause paraphrase) in child-directed speech. At the same time, they also point to an interaction between the register-specific preference for explicitness and verbs' relative conventionality in the construction that neutralizes the effect for verbs that are highly frequent in the target environment.
Construction-based language models assume that grammar is meaningful and learnable from experience. Focusing on five of the most elementary argument structure constructions of English, a large-scale corpus study of child-directed speech (CDS) investigates exactly which meanings/functions are associated with these patterns in CDS, and whether they are indeed specially indicated to children by their caretakers (as suggested by previous research, cf. Goldberg, Casenhiser and Sethuraman 2004). Collostructional analysis (Stefanowitsch and Gries 2003) is employed to uncover significantly attracted verb-construction combinations, and attracted pairs are classified semantically in order to systematise the attested usage patterns of the target constructions. The results indicate that the structure of the input may aid learners in making the right generalisations about constructional usage patterns, but such scaffolding is not strictly necessary for construction learning: not all argument structure constructions are coherently semanticised to the same extent (in the sense that they designate a single schematic event type of the kind envisioned in Goldberg’s [1995] ‘scene encoding hypothesis’), and they also differ in the extent to which individual semantic subtypes predominate in learners’ input
Aspekte des Absentivs: "Wir sind Sue gratulieren" : zum Problem der Lokalisierung im Absentiv
(2013)
Der Beitrag behandelt den Sprachgebrauch in multiethnischen Sprechergemeinschaften im urbanen Raum. Ich zeige, dass die Varietät, die sich hier entwickelt, als neuer Dialekt des Deutschen verstanden werden kann. Dieser Dialekt ist gekennzeichnet durch Charakteristika auf lexikalischer und grammatischer Ebene, die auf systematische Muster sprachlicher Variation und sprachlichen Wandels hinweisen, und erhält durch seine Sprechergemeinschaft mit vielen (aber nicht nur) mehrsprachigen Sprecher/inne/n eine besondere sprachliche Dynamik. Ich diskutiere zwei Beispiele, intensivierend gebrauchtes „voll“ und monomorphematisches, existenzanzeigendes „gib(t)s“, die die quantitative Expansion bzw. die Weiterentwicklung und den qualitativen Ausbau von Phänomenen illustrieren, die auch aus anderen Varietäten des Deutschen bekannt sind. Der multiethnische urbane Dialekt, der hier entsteht, spiegelt damit Entwicklungstendenzen des Deutschen wieder, die in einigen Fällen zusätzlich durch Sprachkontaktphänomene gestützt werden können.
The present paper provides a new approach to the form-function relation in Latin declension. First, inflections are discussed from a functional point of view with special consideration to questions of syncretism. A case hierarchy is justified for Latin that conforms to general observations on case systems. The analysis leads to a markedness scale that provides a ranking of case-number-combinations from unmarked to most marked. Systematic syncretism always applies to contiguous sections of the case-number-scale (‘syncretism fields’). Second, inflections are analysed from a formal point of view taking into account partial identities and differences among noun endings. Theme vowels being factored out, endings are classified on the basis of their make-up, e.g., as sigmatic endings; as containing desinential (non-thematic) vowels; as containing long vowels; and so on. The analysis leads to a view of endings as involving more basic elements or ‘markers’. Endings of the various declensions instantiate a small number of types, and these can be put into a ranked order (a formal scale) that applies transparadigmatically. Third, the relationship between the independently substantiated functional and formal hierarchies is examined. In any declension, the form-function-relationship is established by aligning the relevant formal and functional scales (or ‘sequences’). Some types of endings are in one-to-one correspondence with bundles of morphosyntactic properties as they should be according to a classical morphemic approach, but others are not. Nevertheless, endings can be assigned a uniform role if the form-function-relationship is understood to be based on an alignment of formal and functional sequences. A diagrammatical form-function relationship is revealed that could not be captured in classical or refined morphemic approaches.
We examine predicative adjectives as an unsupervised criterion to extract subjective adjectives. We do not only compare this criterion with a weakly supervised extraction method but also with gradable adjectives, i.e. another highly subjective subset of adjectives that can be extracted in an unsupervised fashion. In order to prove the robustness of this extraction method, we will evaluate the extraction with the help of two different state-of-the-art sentiment lexicons (as a gold standard).
In this article, we examine the effectiveness of bootstrapping supervised machine-learning polarity classifiers with the help of a domain-independent rule-based classifier that relies on a lexical resource, i.e., a polarity lexicon and a set of linguistic rules. The benefit of this method is that though no labeled training data are required, it allows a classifier to capture in-domain knowledge by training a supervised classifier with in-domain features, such as bag of words, on instances labeled by a rule-based classifier. Thus, this approach can be considered as a simple and effective method for domain adaptation. Among the list of components of this approach, we investigate how important the quality of the rule-based classifier is and what features are useful for the supervised classifier. In particular, the former addresses the issue in how far linguistic modeling is relevant for this task. We not only examine how this method performs under more difficult settings in which classes are not balanced and mixed reviews are included in the data set but also compare how this linguistically-driven method relates to state-of-the-art statistical domain adaptation.
We explore the feasibility of contextual healthiness classification of food items. We present a detailed analysis of the linguistic phenomena that need to be taken into consideration for this task based on a specially annotated corpus extracted from web forum entries. For automatic classification, we compare a supervised classifier and rule-based classification. Beyond linguistically motivated features that include sentiment information we also consider the prior healthiness of food items.
We investigate the task of detecting reliable statements about food-health relationships from natural language texts. For that purpose, we created a specially annotated web corpus from forum entries discussing the healthiness of certain food items. We examine a set of task-specific features (mostly) based on linguistic insights that are instrumental in finding utterances that are commonly perceived as reliable. These features are incorporated in a supervised classifier and compared against standard features that are widely used for various tasks in natural language processing, such as bag of words, part-of speech and syntactic parse information.
Opinion holder extraction is one of the most important tasks in sentiment analysis. We will briefly outline the importance of predicates for this task and categorize them according to part of speech and according to which semantic role they select for the opinion holder. For many languages there do not exist semantic resources from which such predicates can be easily extracted. Therefore, we present alternative corpus-based methods to gain such predicates automatically, including the usage of prototypical opinion holders, i.e. common nouns, denoting for example experts or analysts, which describe particular groups of people whose profession or occupation is to form and express opinions towards specific items.
Sexual harassment severely impacts the educational system in the West African country Benin and the progress of women in this society that is characterized by great gender inequality. Knowledge of the belief systems rooting in the sociocultural context is crucial to the understanding of sexual harassment. However, no study has yet investigated how sexual harassment is related to fundamental beliefs in Benin or West African countries. We conducted a field study on 265 female and male students from several high schools in Benin to investigate the link between sexual harassment and measures of ambivalent sexism, gender identity, and rape myth acceptance. Almost half of the sample reported having experienced sexual harassment personally or among peers. Levels of sexism and rape myth acceptance were very high compared to other studies. These attitudes appeared to converge in a sexist belief system that was linked to personal experiences, the perceived probability of experiencing and fear of sexual harassment. Results suggest that sexual harassment is a societal problem and that interventions need to address fundamental attitudes held in societies low in gender equality.
Die Wortbildungsangaben im Online-Wörterbuch und wie Nutzer sie beurteilen – eine Umfrage zu elexiko
(2013)
Der vorliegende Beitrag betrachtet das Thema der Wortbildung im Online-Wörterbuch aus der Perspektive der Wörterbuchbenutzer. Zunächst werden an einzelnen Beispielen die unterschiedlichen Angabebereiche im Internetwörterbuch und die verschiedenen Arten der Wortbildungsangaben aufgezeigt, auf die ein Wörterbuchbenutzer beim Nachschlagen stoßen kann (Kap. 2). Daran anschließend werden mit elexiko und BZVelexiko kurz die beiden Projekte vorgestellt, die an den Mannheimer Nutzerumfragen beteiligt waren. Schließlich werden die Ergebnisse zweier Online-Befragungen präsentiert, die Anfang 2011 am Institut für Deutsche Sprache durchgeführt wurden und an denen insgesamt über 1 100 Personen teilnahmen. In diesem Kontext stehen dabei allein die Teilergebnisse zum Thema Wortbildung im Mittelpunkt (Kap. 3). Ein Ausblick auf die weitere geplante Forschung rundet den Beitrag ab (Kap. 4).