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Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie und inwieweit korpusbasierte Ansätze zur Untersuchung und Bewertung von Sprachwandel beitragen können. Die Bewertung von Sprachwandel erscheint in dieser Hinsicht interessant, da sie erstens von größerem öffentlichen Interesse ist, zweitens nicht zu den Kernthemen der Sprachwissenschaft zählt und drittens sowohl die geisteswissenschaftlichen Aspekte der Sprachwissenschaft berührt als auch die empirischen, die eher für die so genannten harten Wissenschaften typisch sind. Letzteres trifft bei der Frage nach Sprachverfall (gutem vs. schlechtem Deutsch diachron) vermutlich unbestrittener zu als bei der Frage nach richtigem vs. falschem Deutsch, da zu ihrer Beantwortung offensichtlich einerseits empirische, messbare Kriterien herangezogen werden müssen, andererseits aber auch weitere Kriterien notwendig sind und es außerdem einer Entscheidung zur Einordnung und Gewichtung der verschiedenartigen Kriterien sowie einer Begründung dieser Entscheidung bedarf. Zur Annäherung an die Fragestellung werden zunächst gängige, leicht operationalisierbare Hypothesen zu Symptomen eines potenziellen Verfalls des Deutschen auf verschiedenen DeReKo-basierten Korpora überprüft und im Hinblick auf ihre Verallgemeinerbarkeit und Tragweite diskutiert. Im zweiten Teil werden weitere empirische Ansätze zur Untersuchung von Wandel, Variation und Dynamik skizziert, die zur Diskussion spezieller Aspekte von Sprachverfall beitragen könnten. Im Schlussteil werden die vorgestellten Ansätze in den Gesamtkontext einer sprachwissenschaftlichen Untersuchung von Sprachverfall gestellt und vor dem Hintergrund seines gesellschaftlichen Diskurses reflektiert.
This paper reports on the latest developments of the European Reference Corpus EuReCo and the German Reference Corpus in relation to three of the most important CMLC topics: interoperability, collaboration on corpus infrastructure building, and legal issues. Concerning interoperability, we present new ways to access DeReKo via KorAP on the API and on the plugin level. In addition we report about advancements in the EuReCo- and ICC-initiatives with the provision of comparable corpora, and about recent problems with license acquisitions and our solution approaches using an indemnification clause and model licenses that include scientific exploitation.
Das hier vorgeführte Schienenbild ist das in Anlehnung an Wittenburg (2009) als Erweiterungsinstrument gewählte Mittel in dem Versuch, Computertechnologie, linguistische Forschung und Vernetzung am Institut für Deutsche Sprache in deren rasch wachsenden Vielschichtigkeit zu beschreiben. Hier werden u. a. drei Blickwinkel, der des Technologie entwickelnden Wissenschaftlers, des entwickelnden Nutzers und des Nutzers von Informationstechnologie in der linguistischen Forschung vereint und um eine für den Sprachvergleich neue Dimension, die sprachspezifische Parameter von Analyseinstrumenten miteinander harmonisiert, erweitert.
Sehr große Korpora – wie das Deutsche Referenzkorpus DeReKo – bieten eine breite Basis für die empirische Forschung. Sie bringen aber auch Herausforderungen mit sich, da sich weder Eigenschaften ihrer Zusammensetzung noch derer von Recherche- und Analyseergebnissen mit einfachen Mitteln erschließen lassen. Dafür bedarf es Verfahren geschickter Sortierung, Gruppierung oder des Clusterings, kurzum: strukturentdeckender Methoden. In Kombination mit Visualisierungstechniken kann so die Wahrnehmung bestimmter Eigenschaften und Zusammenhänge unterstützt und die Aufmerksamkeit auf bestimmte Phänomene, ggf. in Anlehnung an präferenzrelationale Befunde, gelenkt werden. Neben der illustrativen Funktion geht es in diesem Beitrag vor allem um das erkenntnisleitende Potenzial derartiger Verfahren in Kombination. Aus verschiedenen Bereichen werden Beispiele gezeigt, die am IDS oder in Kooperationen zum Einsatz kommen, sowohl zur dokumentarischen und reflexiven Kontrolle von Eigenschaften der Korpuszusammensetzung als auch hinsichtlich korpusanalytischer Methodik, um die qualitative Interpretation von Analysebefunden und die Abduktion von Hypothesen stimulierend zu unterstützen.
Valenz und Kookkurrenz
(2015)
When comparing different tools in the field of natural language processing (NLP), the quality of their results usually has first priority. This is also true for tokenization. In the context of large and diverse corpora for linguistic research purposes, however, other criteria also play a role – not least sufficient speed to process the data in an acceptable amount of time. In this paper we evaluate several state of the art tokenization tools for German – including our own – with regard to theses criteria. We conclude that while not all tools are applicable in this setting, no compromises regarding quality need to be made.
When comparing different tools in the field of natural language processing (NLP), the quality of their results usually has first priority. This is also true for tokenization. In the context of large and diverse corpora for linguistic research purposes, however, other criteria also play a role – not least sufficient speed to process the data in an acceptable amount of time. In this paper we evaluate several state-ofthe-art tokenization tools for German – including our own – with regard to theses criteria. We conclude that while not all tools are applicable in this setting, no compromises regarding quality need to be made.
The present article describes the first stage of the KorAP project, launched recently at the Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) in Mannheim, Germany. The aim of this project is to develop an innovative corpus analysis platform to tackle the increasing demands of modern linguistic research. The platform will facilitate new linguistic findings by making it possible to manage and analyse primary data and annotations in the petabyte range, while at the same time allowing an undistorted view of the primary linguistic data, and thus fully satisfying the demands of a scientific tool. An additional important aim of the project is to make corpus data as openly accessible as possible in light of unavoidable legal restrictions, for instance through support for distributed virtual corpora, user-defined annotations and adaptable user interfaces, as well as interfaces and sandboxes for user-supplied analysis applications. We discuss our motivation for undertaking this endeavour and the challenges that face it. Next, we outline our software implementation plan and describe development to-date.
The paper discusses from various angles the morphosyntactic annotation of DeReKo, the Archive of General Reference Corpora of Contemporary Written German at the Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), Mannheim. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part covers the practical and technical aspects of this endeavor. We present results from a recent evaluation of tools for the annotation of German text resources that have been applied to DeReKo. These tools include commercial products, especially Xerox' Finite State Tools and the Machinese products developed by the Finnish company Connexor Oy, as well as software for which academic licenses are available free of charge for academic institutions, e.g. Helmut Schmid's Tree Tagger. The second part focuses on the linguistic interpretability of the corpus annotations and more general methodological considerations concerning scientifically sound empirical linguistic research. The main challenge here is that unlike the texts themselves, the morphosyntactic annotations of DeReKo do not have the status of observed data; instead they constitute a theory and implementation-dependent interpretation. In addition, because of the enormous size of DeReKo, a systematic manual verification of the automatic annotations is not feasible. In consequence, the expected degree of inaccuracy is very high, particularly wherever linguistically challenging phenomena, such as lexical or grammatical variation, are concerned. Given these facts, a researcher using the annotations blindly will run the risk of not actually studying the language but rather the annotation tool or the theory behind it. The paper gives an overview of possible pitfalls and ways to circumvent them and discusses the opportunities offered by using annotations in corpus-based and corpus-driven grammatical research against the background of a scientifically sound methodology.
This paper reports on the efforts of twelve national teams in building the International Comparable Corpus (ICC; https://korpus.cz/icc) that will contain highly comparable datasets of spoken, written and electronic registers. The languages currently covered are Czech, Finnish, French, German, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Slovak, Swedish and, more recently, Chinese, as well as English, which is considered to be the pivot language. The goal of the project is to provide much-needed data for contrastive corpus-based linguistics. The ICC corpus is committed to the idea of re-using existing multilingual resources as much as possible and the design is modelled, with various adjustments, on the International Corpus of English (ICE). As such, ICC will contain approximately the same balance of forty percent of written language and 60 percent of spoken language distributed across 27 different text types and contexts. A number of issues encountered by the project teams are discussed, ranging from copyright and data sustainability to technical advances in data distribution.
This paper describes the efforts in the field of sustainability of the Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) in Mannheim with respect to DEREKO (Deutsches Referenzkorpus) the Archive of General Reference Corpora of Contemporary Written German. With focus on re-usability and sustainability, we discuss its history and our future plans. We describe legal challenges related to the creation of a large and sustainable resource; sketch out the pipeline used to convert raw texts to the final corpus format and outline migration plans to TEI P5. Due to the fact, that the current version of the corpus management and query system is pushed towards its limits, we discuss the requirements for a new version which will be able to handle current and future DEREKO releases. Furthermore, we outline the institute’s plans in the field of digital preservation.
This paper discusses current trends in DeReKo, the German Reference Corpus, concerning legal issues around the recent German copyright reform with positive implications for corpus building and corpus linguistics in general, recent corpus extensions in the genres of popular magazines, journals, historical texts, and web-based football reports. Besides, DeReKo is finally accessible via the new
corpus research platform KorAP, offering registered users several news features in comparison with its predecessor COSMAS II.
In order to differentiate between figurative and literal usage of verb-noun combinations for the shared task on the disambiguation of German Verbal Idioms issued for KONVENS 2021, we apply and extend an approach originally developed for detecting idioms in a dataset consisting of random ngram samples. The classification is done by implementing a rather shallow, statistics-based pipeline without intensive preprocessing and examinations on the morphosyntactic and semantic level. We describe the overall approach, the differences between the original dataset and the dataset of the KONVENS task, provide experimental classification results, and analyse the individual contributions of our feature sets.
This paper reports on recent developments within the European Reference Corpus EuReCo, an open initiative that aims at providing and using virtual and dynamically definable comparable corpora based on existing national, reference or other large corpora. Given the well-known shortcomings of other types of multilingual corpora such as parallel/translation corpora (shining-through effects, over-normalization, simplification, etc.) or web-based comparable corpora (covering only web material), EuReCo provides a unique linguistic resource offering new perspectives for fine-grained contrastive research on authentic cross-linguistic data, applications in translation studies and foreign language teaching and learning.
Empirical synchronic language studies generally seek to investigate language phenomena for one point in time, even though this point in time is often not stated explicitly. Until today, surprisingly little research has addressed the implications of this time-dependency of synchronic research on the composition and analysis of data that are suitable for conducting such studies. Existing solutions and practices tend to be too general to meet the needs of all kinds of research questions. In this theoretical paper that is targeted at both corpus creators and corpus users, we propose to take a decidedly synchronic perspective on the relevant language data. Such a perspective may be realised either in terms of sampling criteria or in terms of analytical methods applied to the data. As a general approach for both realisations, we introduce and explore the FReD strategy (Frequency Relevance Decay) which models the relevance of language events from a synchronic perspective. This general strategy represents a whole family of synchronic perspectives that may be customised to meet the requirements imposed by the specific research questions and language domain under investigation.
The International Comparable Corpus (ICC) (Kirk/Čermáková 2017; Čermáková et al. 2021) is an open initiative which aims to improve the empirical basis for contrastive linguistics by compiling comparable corpora for many languages and making them as freely available as possible as well as providing tools with which they can easily be queried and analysed. In this contribution we present the first release of written language parts of the ICC which includes corpora for Chinese, Czech, English, German, Irish (partly), and Norwegian. Each of the released corpora contains 400k words distributed over 14 different text categories according to the ICC specifications. Our poster covers the design basics of the ICC, its TEI encoding, a demonstration of using the ICC via different query tools, and an outlook on future plans.
Similar to the European Reference Corpus EuReCo (Kupietz et al. 2020), ICC follows the approach of reusing existing linguistic resources wherever possible in order to cover as many languages as possible with realistic effort in as short a time as possible. In contrast to EuReCo, however, comparable corpus pairs are not defined dynamically in the usage phase, but the compositions of the corpora are fixed in the ICC design. The approaches are thus complementary in this respect. The design principles and composition of the ICC are based on those of the International Corpus of English (ICE) (Greenbaum (ed.) 1996), with the deviation that the ICC includes the additional text category blog post and excludes spoken legal texts (see Čermáková et al. 2021 for details). ICC’s fixed-design approach has the advantage that all single-language corpora in the ICC have the same composition with respect to the selected text types and that this guarantees that the selected broad spectrum of potential influencing variables for linguistic variation is always represented. The disadvantage, however, is that this can only be achieved for quite small corpora and that the generalisability of comparative findings based on the ICC corpora will often need to be checked on larger monolingual corpora or translation corpora (Čermáková/Ebeling/Oksefjell Ebeling forthcoming). Arguing that such issues with comparability and representativeness are inevitable, in one way or the other, and need to be dealt with, our poster will discuss and exemplify the text selections in more detail.
Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Motivation und Ziele hinter der Initiative Europäisches Referenzkorpus EuReCo. Ausgehend von den Desiderata, die sich aufgrund der Defizite verfügbarer Forschungsdaten wie monolinguale Korpora, Parallelkorpora und Vergleichskorpora für den Sprachvergleich ergeben, werden die bisherigen und die laufenden Arbeiten im Rahmen von EuReCo präsentiert und anhand vergleichender deutsch-rumänischer Kookkurrenzanalysen neue Perspektiven für kontrastive Korpuslinguistik, die die EuReCo-Initiative öffnet, skizziert.