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This paper presents three electronic collections of polarity items: (i) negative polarity items in Romanian, (ii) negative polarity items in German, and (iii) positive polarity items in German. The presented collections are a part of a linguistic resource on lexical units with highly idiosyncratic occurrence patterns. The motivation for collecting and documenting polarity items was to provide a solid empirical basis for linguistic investigations of these expressions. Our databe provides general information about the collected items, specifies their syntactic properties, and describes the environment that licenses a given item. For each licensing context, examples from various corpora and the Internet are introduced. Finally, the type of polarity (negative or positive) and the class (superstrong, strong, weak or open) associated with a given item is speci ed. Our database is encoded in XML and is available via the Internet, offering dynamic and exible access.
The authors present a multilingual electronic database of lexical items with idiosyncratic occurrence patterns. Currently, our database consists of: (1) a collection of 444 bound words in German; (2) a collection of 77 bound words in English; (3) a collection of 58 negative polarity items in Romanian; (4) a collection of 84 negative polarity items in German; and (5) a collection of 52 positive polarity items in German. The database is encoded in XML and is available via the Internet, offering dynamic and flexible access.
One of the most popular techniques used in HPSG-based studies to describe linguistic phenomena is the raising mechanism. Besides ordinary raising verbs or adjectives, this tool has been applied for handling verbal complexes and discontinuous constituents, among other phenomena. In this paper, a new application for raising within the HPSG paradigm will be discussed, thereby investigating data from the prepositional domain. We will analyze linguistic properties of word combinations in German consisting of a preposition, a noun, and another preposition (such as auf Grund von (‘by virtue of’)), thus arguing that raising is the most appropriate method for satisfactorily describing the crucial syntactic features which are typical for those expressions. The objective of this paper is thus to demonstrate the efficiency of the raising mechanism as used in HPSG, and therefore, to emphasize the importance of designing a satisfactory uniform theory of raising within this grammar framework.
We present SPLICR, the Web-based Sustainability Platform for Linguistic Corpora and Resources. The system is aimed at people who work in Linguistics or Computational Linguistics: a comprehensive database of metadata records can be explored in order to find language resources that could be appropriate for one’s spe cific research needs. SPLICR also provides a graphical interface that enables users to query and to visualise corpora. The project in which the system is developed aims at sustainably archiving the ca. 60 language resources that have been constructed in three collaborative research centres. Our project has two primary goals: (a) To process and to archive sustainably the resources so that they are still available to the research community in five, ten, or even 20 years time. (b) To enable researchers to query the resources both on the level of their metadata as well as on the level of linguistic annotations. In more general terms, our goal is to enable solutions that leverage the interoperability, reusability, and sustainability of heterogeneous collec- tions of language resources.
Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich einem etwas stiefmütterlich behandelten Aspekt im ansonsten durchaus lebhaft geführten Diskurs um die didaktische Grammatik: dem grammatischen Wissen der Lehrenden. Auf diesem Gebiet besteht m.E. eine Diskrepanz zwischen Anforderungen an die Lehrerrolle im Gefolge veränderter Forschungsparadigmen und konkreter Gegebenheiten einerseits und einer Realität andererseits, die durch quantitativ wie qualitativ sehr heterogene und teilweise defizitäre Wissensbestände gekennzeichnet ist. Diese Behauptung soll im ersten Teil des Beitrags argumentativ untermauert werden. Im zweiten Teil soll mit dem multimedialen grammatischen Informationssystem GRAMMIS eine mögliche Quelle für grammatisches Wissen vorgestellt werden, die den Bedürfnissen von DaF-Lehrenden entgegenkommt.
Altern wird in diesem Band untersucht als eine Aufgabe, die von allen Menschen - durchaus auf unterschiedliche Weise - zu bewältigen ist und an der sie aktiv teilhaben. Altern ist demnach nicht etwas, was einem nur passiert bzw. widerfährt, sondern erfolgt in einem sozialen Prozess, in dem sich die Beteiligten mit dem Altern auseinandersetzen und es interaktiv gestalten. Altern impliziert so als Aufgabe auch die Reflexion der lebensgeschichtlich eintretenden Veränderungen und ihre interaktive und kommunikati-ve Be- und Verarbeitung. In der kommunikativen Bewältigung dieser Veränderungen wird zugleich Identitätsarbeit geleistet und werden Aspekte von Altersidentität ausgebildet. Diese Wechselwirkungen zwischen Altern, Kommunikation und Identitätsarbeit werden anhand von Ausschnitten aus authentischen Gesprächen herausgearbeitet und mit gesprächsanalytischen Methoden untersucht. Im Anhang geben zwei lange Transkriptausschnitte Einblick in die Kommunikationsweisen älterer Menschen und stellen Material für weitere Analysen bereit.
This paper presents the results of a joint effort of a group of multimodality researchers and tool developers to improve the interoperability between several tools used for the annotation and analysis of multimodality. Each of the tools has specific strengths so that a variety of differ-ent tools, working on the same data, can be desirable for project work. However this usually re-quires tedious conversion between formats. We propose a common exchange format for multi-modal annotation, based on the annotation graph (AG) formalism, which is supported by import and export routines in the respective tools. In the current version of this format the common de-nominator information can be reliably exchanged between the tools, and additional information can be stored in a standardized way.
Lexical chaining has become an important part of many NLP tasks. However, the goodness of a chaining process and hence its annotation output depends on the quality of the chaining resource. Therefore, a framework for chaining is needed which integrates divergent resources in order to balance their deficits and to compare their strengths and weaknesses. In this paper we present an application that incorporates the framework of a meta model of lexical chaining exemplified on three resources and its generalized exchange format.
Anakoluthe dependenziell
(2008)
Although there is a growing interest of policy makers in higher education issues (especially on an international scale), there is still a lack of theoretically well-grounded comparative analyses of higher education policy. Even broadly discussed topics in higher education research like the potential convergence of European higher education systems in the course of the Bologna Process suffer from a thin empirical and comparative basis. This paper aims to deal with these problems by addressing theoretical questions concerning the domestic impact of the Bologna Process and the role national factors play in determining its effects on cross-national policy convergence. It develops a distinct theoretical approach for the systematic and comparative analysis of cross-national policy convergence. In doing so, it relies upon insights from related research areas — namely literature on Europeanization as well as studies dealing with cross-national policy convergence.
There has been a long tradition of discussing the advantages and disadvantages of using foreign words in the German language. In the first part of this paper, an historical example of this discussion will be presented. It shows that at the end of the 18th century a highly differentiated approach to this question had been developed. The type of functional reasoning applied there could also be useful for the present discussion about the influence of English on the German language. A functional interpretation of the use of indigenous and foreign words respectively in a language like German unavoidably leads to the conclusion that the use of elements of foreign origin is an integral part of what it means to be a modem European language. Of course languages differ in the wavs in which they technically deal with this fact. To document the fact that the integration of the European tradition o f mutual cultural and linguistic contact is a characteristic feature of European languages, and that different languages deal with this in technically different ways, the second part o f this article compares a German non-fictional text with its counterparts in seven other European languages.