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Although there is a growing interest of policy makers in higher education issues (especially on an international scale), there is still a lack of theoretically well-grounded comparative analyses of higher education policy. Even broadly discussed topics in higher education research like the potential convergence of European higher education systems in the course of the Bologna Process suffer from a thin empirical and comparative basis. This paper aims to deal with these problems by addressing theoretical questions concerning the domestic impact of the Bologna Process and the role national factors play in determining its effects on cross-national policy convergence. It develops a distinct theoretical approach for the systematic and comparative analysis of cross-national policy convergence. In doing so, it relies upon insights from related research areas — namely literature on Europeanization as well as studies dealing with cross-national policy convergence.
Der vorliegende Band enthält die Beiträge eines Kolloquiums am Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim, in dem das komplexe und moderne Werk sowie das systematische Arbeiten Johann Christoph Adelungs gewürdigt wurde. Die Beiträger und Beiträgerinnen des Bandes stellen das kulturgeschichtliche Denken Adelungs, sein lexikographisches Werk, seine grammatischen, orthographischen und stilistischen Arbeiten unter spezifischen Fragestellungen dar: Adelungs durch Herder inspiriertes Verständnis von Kulturgeschichte bildet gleichsam das Prinzip seiner Arbeit. In Beispielen wird die Adelung-Rezeption beschrieben ebenso wie die Bedeutung seines Werks für heutige sprachhistorische Forschung. Dass Adelung mit seinen Arbeiten in Spannungsfelder einzuordnen ist, machen diejenigen Beiträge deutlich, die ihn als Traditionalisten und als Vertreter der beginnenden Moderne zeigen, als Sprachgelehrten mit präskriptiven und deskriptiven Anliegen, als konservativen Denker und Aufklärer zugleich. Insgesamt gibt dieser Band einen Überblick über die Komplexität von Adelungs Schaffen und über den Stand der Forschung.
One problem of data-driven answer extraction in open-domain factoid question answering is that the class distribution of labeled training data is fairly imbalanced. In an ordinary training set, there are far more incorrect answers than correct answers. The class-imbalance is, thus, inherent to the classification task. It has a deteriorating effect on the performance of classifiers trained by standard machine learning algorithms. They usually have a heavy bias towards the majority class, i.e. the class which occurs most often in the training set. In this paper, we propose a method to tackle class imbalance by applying some form of cost-sensitive learning which is preferable to sampling. We present a simple but effective way of estimating the misclassification costs on the basis of class distribution. This approach offers three benefits. Firstly, it maintains the distribution of the classes of the labeled training data. Secondly, this form of meta-learning can be applied to a wide range of common learning algorithms. Thirdly, this approach can be easily implemented with the help of state-of-the-art machine learning software.
Lehren und Lernen von Verben, Adjektiven und Substantiven ... Ein nimmerendender Diskussionsstoff
(2008)
Mehrsprachigkeit in linguistischen Daten. Theoretische und praktische Aspekte ihrer Erfassung
(2008)
In the project SemDok (Generic document structures in linearly organised texts) funded by the German Research Foundation DFG, a discourse parser for a complex type (scientific articles by example), is being developed. Discourse parsing (henceforth DP) according to the Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) (Mann and Taboada, 2005; Marcu, 2000) deals with automatically assigning a text a tree structure in which discourse segments and rhetorical relations between them are marked, such as Concession. For identifying the combinable segments, declarative rules are employed, which describe linguistic and structural cues and constraints about possible combinations by referring to different XML annotation layers of the input text, and external knowledge bases such as a discourse marker lexicon, a lexico-semantic ontology (later to be combined with a domain ontology), and an ontology of rhetorical relations. In our text-technological environment, the obvious choice of formalism to represent such ontologies is OWL (Smith et al., 2004). In this paper, we describe two OWL ontologies and how they are consulted from the discourse parser to solve certain tasks within DP. The first ontology is a taxononomy of rhetorical relations which was developed in the project. The second one is an OWL version of GermaNet, the model of which we designed together with our project partners.
In the context of a Nordic Conference on Bilingualism, it can be a rewarding task to look at issues such as language planning, policy and legislation from a perspective of the southern neighbours of the Nordic world. This paper therefore intends to point attention towards a case of societal multilingualism at the periphery of the Nordic world by dealing with recent developments in language policy and legislation with regard to the North Frisian speech community in the German Land of Schleswig-Holstein. As I will show, it is striking to what degree there are considerable differences in the discourse on minority protection and language legislation between the Nordic countries and a cultural area which may arguably be considered to be part of the Nordic fringe - and which itself occasionally takes Scandinavia as a reference point, e.g. in the recent adoption of a pan-Frisian flag modelled on the Nordic cross (Falkena 2006).
The main focus of the paper will be on the Frisian Act which was passed in the Parliament of Schleswig-Holstein in late 2004. It provides a certain legal basis for some political activities with regard to Frisian, but falls short of creating a true spirit of minority language protection and/or revitalisation. In contrast to the traditions of the German and Danish minorities along the German-Danish border and to minority protection in Northern Scandinavia (in particular to Sámi language rights), the approach chosen in the Frisian Act is extremely weak and has no connotation of long-term oriented language-planning, let alone a rights-based perspective.
The paper will then look at policy developments in the time since the Act was passed, e.g. in the Schleswig-Holstein election campaign in 2005, and on latest perceptions of the Frisian language situation in the discourse on North Frisian Policy in Schleswig-Holstein majority society. In the final part of the paper, I will discuss reasons for the differences in minority language policy discourse between Germany and the Nordic countries, and try to provide an outlook on how Frisian could benefit from its geographic proximity to the Nordic world.
Vorwort
(2008)
Weltansichten aus sprachlicher und rechtlicher Perspektive. Zur Ontisierung von Konzepten des Rechts
(2008)
Nachdem die Erforschung der Wortbildungsregularitäten des Deutschen in den zentralen Bereichen zu erheblichen Fortschritten und weithin konsensfähigen Ergebnissen geführt hat, wendet sich die Forschung in den letzten Jahren verstärkt neuen Aspekten zu, wobei textlinguistische und in verschiedener Weise anwendungsorientierte Fragen eine erhebliche Rolle spielen, daneben aber auch andere, häufig theoriespezifischere Herangehensweisen gewählt werden. Wie viele andere Bereiche der Sprachwissenschaft hat sich auch die Wortbildungsforschung mit der neuen Möglichkeit auseinanderzusetzen, elektronische Korpora als empirische Basis zu nutzen.
Der Band dokumentiert die Ergebnisse der Tagung zur Wortbildung an der Universität Santiago de Compostela im Sommer 2006, und gerade bei einer transnationalen - und im Gefolge auch germanistisch-hispanistisch transdisziplinären - Tagung liegt es nahe, die typologisch vergleichenden Aspekte zu betonen, die ebenfalls in letzter Zeit erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen haben. Mit der Schwerpunktsetzung auf den (deutsch-spanischen) Vergleich, auf textuelle und auf am Bereich DaF anwendungsorientierte Fragestellungen ergänzen die im vorliegenden Band dokumentierten Ergebnisse dieser Tagung die derzeit wieder recht lebhafte Diskussion um Fragen der Wortbildung.