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A key difference between traditional humanities research and the emerging field of digital humanities is that the latter aims to complement qualitative methods with quantitative data. In linguistics, this means the use of large corpora of text, which are usually annotated automatically using natural language processing tools. However, these tools do not exist for historical texts, so scholars have to work with unannotated data. We have developed a system for systematic iterative exploration and annotation of historical text corpora, which relies on an XML database (BaseX) and in particular on the Full Text and Update facilities of XQuery.
In this paper we present an evaluation of rule-based morphological components for German for use in an interactive editing environment. The criteria for the evaluation are deduced from the intended use of these components, namely availability, performance, programming interfaces, and analysis quality. We evaluated systems developed and maintained since decades as well as new systems. However, we note serious general shortcomings when looking closer at recent implementations and come to the conclusion that the oldest system is the only one that satisfies our requirements.
This paper presents C-WEP, the Collection of Writing Errors by Professionals Writers of German. It currently consists of 245 sentences with grammatical errors. All sentences are taken from published texts. All authors are professional writers with high skill levels with respect to German, the genres, and the topics. The purpose of this collection is to provide seeds for more sophisticated writing support tools as only a very small proportion of those errors can be detected by state-of-the-art checkers. C-WEP is annotated on various levels and freely available.
In this paper the authors briefly outline editing functions which use methods from computational linguistics and take the structures of natural languages into consideration. Such functions could reduce errors and better support writers in realizing their communicative goals. However, linguistic methods have limits, and there are various aspects software developers have to take into account to avoid creating a solution looking for a problem: Language-aware functions could be powerful tools for writers, but writers must not be forced to adapt to their tools.
Most dictionaries containing phraseological information are restricted to a synchronic perspective. Diachronic information on structural, semantic, and pragmatic change over time has to be reconstructed by a time-consuming consultation of various dictionaries providing only punctual insights. In the OLdPhras, project we construct an online dictionary for diachronic phraseology in German from ca. 1650 to the present by combining dic- tionary exploration with corpus-based methods. This paper highlights some challenges we have met: How to select the interesting phrasemes, i.e., those that underwent some change? How to deal with historical cor- pora? How to include different kinds of phraseme variation? We present a semi-automatic corpus-based approach for the investigation of phraseme development. We argue for a combination of dictionary exploration and corpus-based methods to provide reliable and extensive information about the diachronic development of German phrasemes.
Language-aware text editing
(2008)
While software developers have various power tools at their disposal that make the writing of computer programs more efficient, authors of texts do not have the support of such power tools. Text processors still operate on the level of characters and strings rather than on the level of word forms and grammatical constructions. This forces authors to constantly switch between low-level, character oriented, editing operations and high-level, conceptual, verbalisation processes. We suggest the development of language-aware text editing tools that simplify certain frequent, yet complex editing operations by defining them on the level of linguistic units. Pluralizing an entire noun phrase plus the verb forms governed by it would be an ambitious example, swapping the elements of a conjunctive construction a more modest one. We describe a pilot implementation for German where these operations are seamlessly integrated with the standard functions of an existing open-source editor. The operations can be invoked on demand and do not intrude on the authoring process. Changes can be performed locally or globally, thus simplifying the writing process considerably, and making the resulting texts more consistent.
Learning from Errors. Systematic Analysis of Complex Writing Errors for Improving Writing Technology
(2015)
In this paper, we describe ongoing research on writing errors with the ultimate goal to develop error-preventing editing functions in word-processors. Drawing from the state-of-the-art research in errors carried out in various fields, we propose the application of a general concept for action-slips as introduced by Norman. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by using a large corpus of writing errors in published texts. The concept of slips considers both the process and the product: some failure in a procedure results in an error in the product, i.e., is visible in the written text. In order to develop preventing functions, we need to determine causes of such visible errors.
Schreiben und Redigieren stellen hohe kognitive Anforderungen an Autoren. Selbst publizierte Texte sind nie ganz fehlerfrei. Für viele Fehler kann man die Entstehung rekonstruieren: Funktionen in Textbearbeitungsprogrammen sind zeichenbasiert und berücksichtigen nicht die Elemente und Strukturen der jeweiligen verwendeten Sprache. Autoren müssen ihre Redigierabsichten in eine lange, komplexe Folge solcher zeichenbasierten Funktionen übersetzen.
Editoren für Programmierer hingegen bieten seit langem sprachspezifische Editierfunktionen, die auf den Elementen und Strukturen der verwendeten Programmiersprache operieren. Diese Funktionen tragen dazu bei, das Ändern von Programmcode zu erleichtern und Fehler zu vermeiden.
In dieser Arbeit übertragen wir das Prinzip solcher sprachspezifischen Funktionen in Programmiereditoren auf Funktionen für die Bearbeitung natürlichsprachlicher Texte. Wir entwickeln das Konzept der linguistisch unterstützten Redigierfunktionen unter Berücksichtigung aktueller Erkenntnisse der Schreibforschung. Wir definieren Informations-, Bewegungs- und Modifikationsfunktionen, die auf Elementen und Strukturen natürlicher Sprache operieren. Solche Funktionen sollen Autoren entlasten und helfen, typische Fehler zu vermeiden.
Sprachspezifische Funktionen beruhen auf Methoden zur Erkennung und Bestimmung relevanter Elemente und Strukturen. Wir verwenden dazu computerlinguistische Ressourcen zur morphologischen Analyse und Generierung und zur automatischen Wortartenbestimmung. Die Evaluation verfügbarer Ressourcen ergibt, dass die Situation für die Behandlung des Deutschen nicht so vielversprechend ist, wie ursprünglich angenommen und üblicherweise in der Literatur dargestellt.
Unsere prototypische Implementierung linguistisch unterstützter Redigierfunktionen für die Bearbeitung deutscher Texte zeigt die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Konzepts unter Berücksichtigung der Leistungsfähigkeit heute verfügbarer computerlinguistischer Ressourcen und der Eigenschaften des Deutschen.
We present a morphological analyzer for Spanish called SMM. SMM is implemented in the grammar development framework Malaga, which is based on the formalism of Left-Associative Grammar. We briefly present the Malaga framework, describe the implementation decisions for some interesting morphological phenomena of Spanish, and report on the evaluation results from the analysis of corpora. SMM was originally only designed for analyzing word forms; in this article we outline two approaches for using SMM and the facilities provided by Malaga to also generate verbal paradigms. SMM can also be embedded into applications by making use of the Malagaprogramming interface; we briefly discuss some application scenarios.