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Im Streit um Migration soll der Gebrauch von Disclaimern in erster Linie ein positives Bild des Produzenten liefern oder wenigstens Ansprüche auf die Berechtigung seiner kritischen Stellungnahme erheben, ohne dass der Produzent als Rassist abgestempelt wird. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse einer Fallstudie über den Gebrauch eines solchen Disclaimers in Deutschland und in Italien zusammengefasst, nämlich von „Ich bin kein Rassist, aber“ und seiner italienischen Entsprechung „Non sono razzista, ma“. Es wird gezeigt, (i) wie diese Disclaimer zum Ausdruck ausländerkritischer Stellungnahmen verwendet werden und (ii) wie ihre Verwendung in der Öffentlichkeit wahrgenommen wird.
The article focuses on the lexeme Ahnung. A lexicographic analysis shows the range of Information offered by Ahnung in selected dictionaries, aespecially monolingual DaF dictionaries, and displays how the Spectrum of meaning is represented in them. Corpus-based analyses from two samples from FOLK and DeReKo investigate exemplary form characteristics and, with regard to the written-language data, the occurrence in text types. Ahnung shows a slightly higher combinatorial potential in written-linguistic data than in spoken-linguistic data. A clear tendency to the connection keine Ahnung is however to be recognized in both data sets.
Im Zentrum der Betrachtungen stehen Sprachkontaktsituationen sowie Sprachkontaktphänomene der Kaukasiendeutschen. Sie sind Nachfahren deutschstämmiger Einwohner des Russischen Reichs und der Sowjetunion, die ab Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts in mehreren Phasen in Gebiete Transkaukasiens ausgewandert sind. Bei der untersuchten Gruppe handelt es sich um diejenigen, die aufgrund von interethnischen Ehen von den Deportationen 1941 aus den deutschen Siedlungsgebieten ausgenommen waren und bis heute im Südkaukasus leben. Mithilfe soziolinguistischer Methoden wurden von der Autorin erstmalig 2017 formelle, leitfadengestützte Interviews im Südkaukasus mit der noch lebenden Erlebnisgeneration sowie einer Nachkommengeneration aufgenommen, transkribiert und ausgewertet. Im Beitrag werden Sprachkontaktkonstellationen deutscher Varietäten (Schwäbisch sowie standardnahes Deutsch) mit dem Russischen (und Georgischen) sowie Sprachkontaktphänomene vorgestellt.
As open class repair initiators (OCRIs, e.g., “what” or “huh”) do not specify the type of repairable, choosing an adequate repair format in the next turn becomes a practical problem for the participants. Whereas in monolingual/L1 speaker conversations participants typically orient towards troubles caused by reduced acoustic intelligibility or by topical/sequential disjunction, in multilingual/L2 interactions possible problems regarding asymmetric language choices and skills can be added – and might be responded to accordingly. Based on videotaped international business meetings and interactions at a customs post, this paper investigates various open class and embodied other-initiations of repair. By means of a conversation analytical and multimodal approach to social interaction, this contribution focuses first on instances of audible OCRIs and illustrates that they are accompanied by embodied conduct. Second, two types of embodied other-initiation of repair are scrutinized: a lifted eyebrows/head display and a freeze display in which movements are suspended. The analysis shows that participants treat these as referring either to troubles in hearing (display 1) or to troubles in understanding the linguistic format (display 2). This leads to the formulation of further desiderata and analytical challenges regarding the multimodal other-initiation of repair in general and in professional international settings in particular.
Aims and objectives:
Language debates in Latvia often focus on the role of Latvian as official and main societal language. Yet, Latvian society is highly multilingual, and families with home languages other than Latvian have to choose between different educational trajectories for their children. In this context, this paper discusses the results of two studies which addressed the question of why families with Russian as a home language choose (pre)schools with languages other than Russian as medium of instruction (MOI). The first study analyses family narratives which provide insight into attitudes and practices which lead to the decision to send children to Latvian-MOI institutions. The second study investigates language attitudes and practices by families in the international community of Riga German School.
Methodology:
The paper discusses data gathered during two studies: for the first, semi-structed interviews were conducted with Russian-speaking families who choose Latvian-medium schools for their children. For the second study, a survey was carried out in the community of an international school in Riga, sided by ethnographic observations and interviews with teachers and the school leadership.
Data and analysis:
Interviews and ethnographic observations were subjected to a discourse analysis with a focus on critical events and structures of life trajectory narratives. Survey data were processed following simple statistical analysis and qualitative content analysis.
Findings/conclusions:
Our data reveal that families highly embrace multilingualism and see the development of individual plurilingualism as important for integration into Latvian society as well as for educational and professional opportunities in the multilingual societies of Latvia and Europe. At the same time, multilingualism and multiculturalism, including Russian, are seen as a value in itself. In addition, our studies reflect the bidirectionality of family language policies in interplay with practices in educational institutions: family decisions influence children’s language acquisition at school, but the school also has an impact on the families’ language practices at home. In sum, we argue that educational policies should therefore pay justice to the wishes of families in Latvia to incorporate different language aspects into individual educational trajectories.
Originality:
Language policy is a frequent topic of investigation in the Baltic states. However, there has been a lack in research on family language policy and school choices. In this vein, our paper adds to the understanding of educational choices and language policy processes among Russian-speaking families and the international community in Latvia.
In dem Beitrag werden jüngste Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Sprachpolitik, der Bildungspolitik und der Integrationspolitik in Deutschland dargestellt, die ein neues Verhältnis zur Mehrsprachigkeit erkennen lassen und die Schaffung zweisprachiger Bildungseinrichtungen ermöglichen. Dieser Beitrag wurde auch in einer englischen Version mit dem Titel "The political framework for creation and development of bilingual Kindergartens in Berlin" veröffentlicht. Sie ist über den Dokumentenserver des IDS zugänglich. Die deutsche Version des Beitrags trägt den Titel "Politische Rahmenbedingungen für zweisprachige Kindertagesstätten in Berlin". Sie ist nicht veröffentlicht, aber ebenfalls über den Dokumentenserver des IDS erhältlich.
Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags steht die Frage nach Ursprung und Genese der im geltenden amtlichen Regelwerk niedergelegten Regel, die eine Zusammenschreibung von Adjektiv-Verb-Verbindungen bei Vorliegen einer nicht literalen Bedeutung vorsieht. Ausgangspunkt bilden dabei Sprachtheoretiker und Akteure wie Johann Christoph Adelung, Wilhelm Wilmanns und Konrad Duden, die die Diskussion beherrscht und (dadurch) maßgeblich die erste gesamtdeutsche Rechtschreibregelung im Jahre 1902 mitgestaltet haben. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Umsetzung der Rechtschreibregelung in den orthographischen Wörterbüchern. Erst in dieser zeigt sich, inwiefern der gefundene Kompromiss trägt und inwieweit sich die Beteiligten daran gebunden fühlen, in Sonderheit Duden, der mit seinen Wörterbüchern alsbald eine marktführende Position einnahm und über dessen Duden-Rechtschreibung die Regel einer bedeutungsunterscheidenden Zusammenschreibung bei Adjektiv-Verb-Verbindungen letztlich für alle verbindlich wurde.
Der Beitrag thematisiert die Märchenformel es war einmal unter konstruktionsgrammatischem Gesichtspunkt. Im Mittelpunkt der Überlegungen stehen zwei Fragen: a) Wie kann man es war einmal im Kontext seines Gebrauchs in Märchen beschreiben? b) Wie Lässt sich diese Märchenformel im Kontext anderer, mit ihr formal und/oder semantisch verwandter Konstruktionen mit es erfassen? Um die erste Frage zu beantworten, wird auf Merkmale der Textsorte ‚Märchen' sowie auf den Begriff des Erzählens zurückgegriffen. Damit im Zusammenhang wird in Anlehnung an die Terminologie in Feilke (1996) von textuell-pragmatischer Prägung gesprochen. Zur Klärung der zweiten Frage sollen vor dem Hintergrund syntaktischer Prägung abstraktere Konstruktionen mit es (Rhematisierungskonstruktionen, Präsentativkonstruktionen und das es impersonate) herangezogen und in Beziehung zu es war einmal gesetzt werden. Die Überlegungen von a) über b) führen zu der Annahme einer auf Ähnlichkeiten basierenden Konstruktionsfamilie mit es als Thetizitätsmarker.
Dieser Beitrag skizziert die Möglichkeiten, die die Extensible Markup Language (XML) im Umfeld von eLearning und Web Based Training (WBT) eröffnet. Bisherige eLearning-Angebote kranken an verschiedenen Problemen, die durch die Verwendung von XML-basierten Learning Objects vermieden werden können. Ausgehend vom aktuellen Stand im Projekt MiLCA - Medienintensive Lehrmodule in der Computerlinguistik-Ausbildung - soll zudem ein Ausblick auf zukünftige technische Möglichkeiten des Computer-gestützten Lernens gegeben werden.
In einem der zentralen Projekte der Abteilung Grammatik des IDS, Korpusgrammatik – grammatische Variation im standardsprachlichen und standardnahen Deutsch, wird derzeit u.a. die Wortbildung bearbeitet. Es werden auch Erkenntnisse und weiterführende Fragestellungen berücksichtigt, die sich aus dem Ende 2014 abgeschlossenen Projekt zur Semantik der deutschen Konnektoren ergeben haben. Das neue Projekt stützt sich noch stärker als schon das Konnektoren-Projekt auf Korpusauswertungen. Methodik und erste Ergebnisse werden im vorliegenden Text an zwei exemplarischen Fallgruppen demonstriert: Zunächst geht es um eine Reihe konzessiver Subjunktoren der Bildungsmuster ob-/wenn-/wiewohl etc.; sodann um Bildungen auf -falls, die zu den Adverbkonnektoren gehören. Bestand und sich aus dessen Systematisierung ergebende Wortbildungsmuster werden aus Korpusbelegen vervollständigt, und unterliegende Wortbildungsverfahren (im Kontrast zu der Lage bei den Hauptwortarten) werden diskutiert. Dabei zeigen sich unerwartete Mustervarianten, die auch Hinweise auf die Produktivität der Wortbildungsverfahren geben. Schließlich werden die Varianten mit grammatikexternen Metadaten korreliert, wobei die Möglichkeiten des statistischen Tools KoGra-R genutzt werden.
This paper deals with the distribution of word length in short native mythological and historical Eskimo narrative texts. To my knowledge, no Eskimo‐Aleut data have been the object of quantitative linguistic investigation so far. Due to the strong linguistic and Stylistic homogeneity of the examined texts it was assumed that these texts can be subsumed under a single law of word length distribution, if word length distribution of a text is considered as a function of certain of its properties, such as author, language, and genre. So far, word length distribution in texts of a wide variety of languages and genres has been demonstrated to follow distributions of the compound Poisson family of discrete probability distributions. In view of the morphological idiosyncrasies of the Eskimo language in general, which are responsible for an unusually high mean word length of about 4.5 to 5.2 syllables per word in the texts, it is interesting to see whether Eskimo texts show a significantly different behaviour with respect to word length. The results demonstrate that the Eskimo data employed in this study can be fitted well by the Hyperpoisson distribution. Two further discrete probability distributions will be deduced from certain morphology‐based assumptions about Eskimo. It turns out that most of the Eskimo data can be fitted by these two distributions. The question to what extent these results point to a more grammar‐oriented theory of word length is also discussed.
Close repetitions of lexical material can create an impression of clumsiness in the style of Italian prose, while they seem to be accepted with more ease in German. The present study shows that this traditional claim needs some further differentiation. The negative effects on style take place in Italian when informationally prominent words are repeated, while informational background material may - and in certain cases even must - be repeated for clarity. The comparative study investigates lexical, syntactic and prosodic resources for indicating adversative (contrast) relations in argumentative texts from the field of humanities, written in Italian and German. It shows that, for encoding this kind of relation, Italian depends very much on lexical resources, including repetitions of words, while German makes more use of syntactic and prosodic parallelism. As a consequence, German can often dispense with adversative connectives and allows to employ word repetitions for different purposes.
Recently, a claim was made, on the basis of the German Google Books 1-gram corpus (Michel et al., Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books. Science 2010; 331: 176–82), that there was a linear relationship between six non-technical non-Nazi words and three ‘explicitly Nazi words’ in times of World War II (Caruana-Galizia. 2015. Politics and the German language: Testing Orwell’s hypothesis using the Google N-Gram corpus. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities [Online]. http://dsh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/llc/fqv011 (accessed 15 April 2015)). Here, I try to show that apparent relationships like this are the result of misspecified models that do not take into account the temporal aspect of time-series data. The main point of this article is to demonstrate why such analyses run the risk of incorrect statistical inference, where potential effects are both meaningless and can potentially lead to wrong conclusions.
Our paper discusses family language policies among multilingual families in Latvia with Russian as home language. The presentation is based on three case studies, i.e. interviews conducted with Russophones who have chosen to send their children to Latvian-medium pre-schools and schools. The main aim is to understand practices and regards among such families “from below,” i.e. which family-internal and family-external factors influenced the choice of Latvian-medium education and what impact this choice has on linguistic practices.
The paper shows that there have been critical events which both encouraged and discouraged the choice of Latvian-medium education. The wish to integrate into mainstream society has been met by obstacles both from ethnic Russians and Latvians. Yet, the three families consider their choices to be the right ones for the future development of their children in a multiethnic Latvia in which Latvian serves as the unifying language of society.
Prejudice against a social group may lead to discrimination of members of this group. One very strong cue of group membership is a (non)standard accent in speech. Surprisingly, hardly any interventions against accent-based discrimination have been tested. In the current article, we introduce an intervention in which what participants experience themselves unobtrusively changes their evaluations of others. In the present experiment, participants in the experimental condition talked to a confederate in a foreign language before the experiment, whereas those in the control condition received no treatment. Replicating previous research, participants in the control condition discriminated against Turkish-accented job candidates. In contrast, those in the experimental condition evaluated Turkish- and standard-accented candidates as similarly competent. We discuss potential mediating and moderating factors of this effect.
Nonnative accents are prevalent in our globalized world and constitute highly salient cues in social perception. Whereas previous literature has commonly assumed that they cue specific social group stereotypes, we propose that nonnative accents generally trigger spontaneous negatively biased associations (due to a general nonnative accent category and perceptual influences). Accordingly, Study 1 demonstrates negative biases with conceptual IATs, targeting the general concepts of accent versus native speech, on the dimensions affect, trust, and competence, but not on sociability. Study 2 attests to negative, largely enhanced biases on all dimensions with auditory IATs comprising matched native–nonnative speaker pairs for four accent types. Biases emerged irrespective of the accent types that differed in attractiveness, recognizability of origin, and origin-linked national associations. Study 3 replicates general IAT biases with an affect IAT and a conventional evaluative IAT. These findings corroborate our hypotheses and assist in understanding general negativity toward nonnative accents.
In spite of the obvious importance that is accorded to the notion grammatical construction in any approach that sees itself as a construction grammar (CxG), there is as yet no generally accepted definition of the term across different variants of the framework. In particular, there are different assumptions about which additional requirements a given structure has to meet in order to be recognized as a construction besides being a ‘form-meaning pair’. Since the choice of a particular definition will determine the range of both relevant phenomena and concrete observations to be considered in empirical research within the framework, the issue is not just a mere terminological quibble but has important methodological repercussions especially for quantitative research in areas such as corpus linguistics. The present study illustrates some problems in identifying and delimiting such patterns in naturally occurring text and presents arguments for a usage-based interpretation of the term grammatical construction.
In this paper, I argue against the analyses of the there-construction by Moro (1997) and Hoekstra & Mulder (1990) and for an analysis in the frame of Williams (1994), Hazout (2004) from two angles. First of all, Moro and Hoekstra & Mulder do not correctly predict the behaviour of the there-construction under wh-movement; second, from a semantic point of view, the predicate in the small clause structure is the postverbal DP and not there. Alternatively, I follow the proposal by Williams (1994) in which there is the subject of predication and I will point out a direction to analyse the problematic wh-movement data within this framework.
Transkriptionswerkzeuge sind spezialisierte Softwaretools für die Transkription und Annotation von Audio- oder Videoaufzeichnungen gesprochener Sprache. Dieses Kapitel erklärt einleitend, worin der zusätzliche Nutzen solcher Werkzeuge gegenüber einfacher Textverarbeitungssoftware liegt, und gibt dann einen Überblick über grundlegende Prinzipien und einige weitverbreitete Tools dieser Art. Am Beispiel der Editoren FOLKER und OrthoNormal wird schließlich der praktische Einsatz zweier Werkzeuge in den Arbeitsabläufen eines Korpusprojekts illustriert.
Wenn alle Forschungsfragen gestellt, alle Hypothesen formuliert, alle Korpora kompiliert und alle Daten von Proband*innen gesammelt wurden, befinden Sie sich auf einer der letzten Etappen Ihrer linguistischen Studie: der Analyse der Daten. In diesem Kapitel werden Sie einige Werkzeuge kennenlernen, die Sie dabei unterstützen können. Hier nehmen wir an, dass Sie in irgendeiner Form eine quantitative statistische Auswertung vornehmen möchten, denn für qualitative Analysen sind die Werkzeuge, die wir Ihnen vorstellen werden, weniger bis gar nicht geeignet.
Die Coronapandemie hat die Welt seit Anfang 2020 in vielfältiger Weise geprägt. Der Alltag hat sich gewandelt: Schule, Beruf, das tagtägliche Bewegen in der Öffentlichkeit oder in Verkehrsmitteln ist Regeln unterstellt, die es in dieser flächendeckenden und umfassenden Art so noch nicht gegeben hat. In diesem Wandel in der Welt ist auch die Sprache einer stetigen Entwicklung unterworfen. Neue Dinge in der Welt wollen erzählt und ausgetauscht werden. Und so kommt es in der Zeit der Coronapandemie zu zahlreichen Wortneuschöpfungen, Entlehnungen oder Bedeutungserweiterungen von bereits existierenden Wörtern. Das Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim (IDS) beobachtet diese Entwicklungen und arbeitet u. a. im Projekt »Neuer Wortschatz« an der Dokumentation dieser lexikalischen Spuren, die die Coronapandemie im Wortschatz hinterlässt. Der Beitrag begibt sich auf Spurensuche nach Neuem, nach neu Ausgehandeltem und nach der Frage, wie die (Wort-)Geschichte wohl weitergehen wird.
Was darf die sprachwissenschaftliche Forschung? Juristische Fragen bei der Arbeit mit Sprachdaten
(2022)
Sich in der Linguistik mit rechtlichen Themen beschäftigen zu müssen, ist auf den ersten Blick überraschend. Da jedoch in den Sprachwissenschaften empirisch gearbeitet wird und Sprachdaten, insbesondere Texte und Ton- und Videoaufnahmen sowie Transkripte gesprochener Sprache, in den letzten Jahren auch verstärkt Sprachdaten internetbasierter Kommunikation, als Basis für die linguistische Forschung dienen, müssen rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen für jede Art von Datennutzung beachtet werden. Natürlich arbeiten auch andere Wissenschaften, wie z. B. die Astronomie oder die Meteorologie, empirisch. Jedoch gibt es einen grundsätzlichen Unterschied der empirischen Basis: Im Gegensatz zu Temperaturen, die gemessen, oder Konstellationen von Himmelskörpern, die beobachtet werden, basieren Sprachdaten auf schriftlichen, mündlichen oder gebärdeten Äußerungen von Menschen, wodurch sich juristisch begründete Beschränkungen ihrer Nutzung ergeben.
Das 18. Jahrhundert war wissenschaftlich von großen Umbrüchen geprägt, auch im Bereich der Anatomie und Physiologie des Menschen. Die hierauserwachsende lebhafte Diskussion erstreckte sich auch auf das noch sehr junge Gebiet der (mechanischen) Sprachsynthese und ihrer Grundlagen. Das Sprachsynthesekonzept Wolfgang von Kempelens (1734–1804) ist hierbei ein besonders eindrückliches Beispiel dafür, dass eine grundlegende wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis womöglich durch technologische Limitationen nicht notwendigerweise auch praktisch umgesetzt werden kann. Grundsätzlich waren Kempelens Erkenntnisse zur Anatomie und Physiologie des Menschen und damit auch zur Spracherzeugung weitestgehend zutreffend. Die praktische Umsetzung hingegen wirkt aus heutiger Sicht recht kurios. Kempelens Vokaltrakt-Konzept soll exemplarisch dem nur wenig früher entstandenen Prototypen zur Sprachsynthese Christian Gottlieb Kratzensteins (1723–1795) gegenübergestellt werden. Dessen „Erkenntnisse“ müssen heute vielfach als falsch bezeichnet werden; sein Modell zur Vokalsynthese weist einerseits auffällige Parallelen zu demjenigen KEMPELENS auf, geht hinsichtlich der Physiologie jedoch von vielfach irrigen Annahmen aus.
Analyses of jaw movement(obtained by Electromagnetic Articulography) and acoustics show that loud speech is an intricate phenomenon. Besides involving higher intensity and subglottal pressure it affects jaw movements as well as fundamental frequency and especially first formants. It is argued that all these effects serve the purpose of enhancing perceptual salience.
Klassische Namen der Offline-Welt sind bei weitem umfangreicher erforscht als die eher kurzlebigen und auch noch sehr jungen Namen der digitalen Welt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden virtuelle Namen als eigene Namenklasse postuliert und unter Verweis auf bestehende Namentypologien verortet. Anschließend werden drei unterschiedliche Typen frei wählbarer virtueller Namen in Videospielen am Beispiel des populären Browserspiels ‚Forge of Empires‘ graphematisch und semantisch analysiert: Gilden-, Städte- und Benutzernamen. Hierfür werden drei Korpora mit je 100 Namen des jeweiligen Typs auf unterschiedliche Muster zunächst hinsichtlich Sprachwahl, Zeichenverwendung und graphematischen Besonderheiten untersucht. Anschließend erfolgt eine Untersuchung der den Namen zugrundeliegenden Benennungsmotive durch induktiv-explorative Kategorienbildung. Zwischen den untersuchten Namentypen kristallisiert sich in der Analyse ein funktionaler Unterschied heraus: Gildennamen priorisieren eine kommunikativ-phatische Funktion, wohingegen Benutzernamen primär Individualität ausdrücken. Städtenamen nehmen dabei eine Zwischenposition ein. Insgesamt fügen sich die verschiedenen Teilergebnisse in das Bild der bisherigen spärlichen Studien zur Namenwahl in Videospielen ein und rufen zugleich zur weiteren Erforschung auf.
Lexicographic data are normally linked with each other in a complex manner. Especially, within the electronic lexicographic context, the following issues are addressed: How to encode these cross-reference structures so that both the lexicographers‘ editorial work with the linking-up is easy to handle and the options of the presentation are adequately flexible. The objective of this paper is to elucidate the presentation of an XML-modelling of cross-reference structures as part of a complete modelling concept. Thereby, the modelling potential of the XML-connected standard XLink and a new lexicographic concept will be brought together with cross-project guidelines for the modelling of link-structures.
Die 21. Arbeitstagung zur Gesprächsforschung mit dem Rahmenthema „Vergleichende Gesprächsforschung“ fand vom 21.–23. März 2018 am Institut für Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim statt. Das Ziel der Tagung war es, Forscherinnen und Forscher zusammenzubringen, die authentische Interaktionsdaten aus vergleichender Perspektive untersuchen. Das Rahmenthema der Tagung ergab sich aus dem steigenden Interesse an vergleichenden Fragestellungen innerhalb konversations- und gesprächsanalytischer Untersuchungen. Die Tagung nahm gezielt Vorgehensweisen und Methoden bei der Durchführung vergleichender Untersuchungen in den Blick. Die Vorträge, Projektpräsentationen und Datensitzungen erörterten 1. das Vergleichen als analytische Grundoperation der Konversations- und Gesprächsanalyse, 2. Vergleiche alternativer Ressourcen und Praktiken für spezifische Handlungen und Aktivitäten in der Interaktion sowie 3. methodologische Herausforderungen einer vergleichenden Gesprächsforschung.
Basic grammatical categories may carry social meanings irrespective of their semantic content. In a set of four studies, we demonstrate that verbs—a basic linguistic category present and distinguishable in most languages—are related to the perception of agency, a fundamental dimension of social perception. In an archival analysis of actual language use in Polish and German, we found that targets stereotypically associated with high agency (men and young people) are presented in the immediate neighborhood of a verb more often than non-agentic social targets (women and older people). Moreover, in three experiments using a pseudo-word paradigm, verbs (but not adjectives and nouns) were consistently associated with agency (but not with communion). These results provide consistent evidence that verbs, as grammatical vehicles of action, are linguistic markers of agency. In demonstrating meta-semantic effects of language, these studies corroborate the view of language as a social tool and an integral part of social perception.
We provide a unified account of semantic effects observable in attested examples of the German applicative (‘be-’) construction, e.g. Rollstuhlfahrer Poul Sehachsen aus Kopenhagen will den 1997 erschienenen Wegweiser Handiguide Europa fortführen und zusammen mit Movado Berlin berollen (‘Wheelchair user Poul Schacksen from Copenhagen wants to continue the guide ‘Handiguide Europe’, which came out in 1997, and roll Berlin together with Movado.’). We argue that these effects do not come from lexico-semantic operations on ‘input’ verbs, but are instead the products of a reconciliation procedure in which the meaning of the verb is integrated into the event-structure schema denoted by the applicative construction. We analyze the applicative pattern as an argument-structure construction, in terms of Goldberg (1995). We contrast this approach with that of Brinkmann (1997), in which properties associated with the applicative pattern (e.g. omissibility of the theme argument, holistic interpretation of the goal argument, and planar construal of the location argument) are attributed to general semantico-pragmatic principles. We undermine the generality of the principles as stated, and assert that these properties are instead construction-particular. We further argue that the constructional account provides an elegant model of the valence-creation and valence-augmentation functions of the prefix. We describe the constructional semantics as prototype-based: diverse implications of fee-predications, including iteration, transfer, affectedness, intensity and saturation, derive via regular patterns of semantic extension from the topological concept of coverage.
Using the Google Ngram Corpora for six different languages (including two varieties of English), a large-scale time series analysis is conducted. It is demonstrated that diachronic changes of the parameters of the Zipf–Mandelbrot law (and the parameter of the Zipf law, all estimated by maximum likelihood) can be used to quantify and visualize important aspects of linguistic change (as represented in the Google Ngram Corpora). The analysis also reveals that there are important cross-linguistic differences. It is argued that the Zipf–Mandelbrot parameters can be used as a first indicator of diachronic linguistic change, but more thorough analyses should make use of the full spectrum of different lexical, syntactical and stylometric measures to fully understand the factors that actually drive those changes.
Unterschiede bei Dialektübersetzungen in Abhängigkeit von schriftlichen und mündlichen Stimuli
(2016)
When collecting linguistic data using translation tasks, stimuli can be presented in written or in oral form. In doing so, there is a possibility that a systematic source of error can occur that can be traced back to the selected survey method and which can influence the results of the translation tasks. This contribution investigates whether and to what extent both of the aforementioned survey methods result in divergent results when using translation tasks. For this investigation, 128 informants provided linguistic data; each informant had to translate 25 Wenker sentences from Standard German into either East Swabian, Lechrain or West Central Bavarian dialect, as the case may be. The results show two tendencies. First, written stimuli lead to a slightly higher number of dialectal translation in segmental variables. Second, when oral stimuli are used, syntactic and lexical variables are translated significantly more often in such a manner that they diverge from the template. The results can be explained in terms of varying cognitive processing operations and the constraints of human working memory. When collecting data in the future, these tendencies should be taken into account.
This article deals with narratives of traumatic experiences of parental violence in childhood, told by adult narrators in the context of clinical adult attachment interviews. The study rests on a corpus of interviews with 20 patients suffering from fibromyalgia, who were interviewed in the context of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Nine of the patients reported repeated experiences of parental violence. The article focuses on extracts from two interviews, which provide for a maximal contrast concerning the practices of telling experiences of violence and which are ‘clear cases’ of the practices that are characteristic of the whole corpus. The main differences between the different ways of telling concern:
• With respect to the ascription of guilt and responsibility, parental violence is portrayed as legitimate pedagogic action versus as being evil-minded and guilty without rational justification.
• With respect to the process of the telling, we find narrative trajectories over which an initial vague gloss is increasingly unpacked by reports of highly violent actions versus narratives in which violence is overtly stated and morally ascribed from its very first mention.
An approach to the unification of XML (Extensible Markup Language) documents with identical textual content and concurrent markup in the framework of XML-based multi-layer annotation is introduced. A Prolog program allows the possible relationships between element instances on two annotation layers that share PCDATA to be explored and also the computing of a target node hierarchy for a well-formed, merged XML document. Special attention is paid to identity conflicts between element instances, for which a default solution that takes into account metarelations that hold between element types on the different annotation layers is provided. In addition, rules can be specified by a user to prescribe how identity conflicts should be solved for certain element types.
Die Veränderung der individuellen politischen Kommunikation ist ein wesentliches Element des Konzepts der Mediatisierung des Politischen. Immer mehr Politikerinnen und Politiker sowie Bürgerinnen und Bürger nutzen digitale Plattformen, um sich politisch auszutauschen und zu informieren. Dabei stellt sich die Frage, inwiefern Politiker/-innen selbst Austauschmöglichkeiten im Netz bieten und somit direkt Kommunikation fördern. Für die vorliegende Studie wurde die Nutzung des Microblogging-Dienstes Twitter durch Politiker/-innen während ausgewählter Landtagswahlkämpfe des Jahres 2011 auf partizipationsermöglichende Elemente hin untersucht. Diese Elemente wurden mithilfe des „Funktionalen Operatorenmodells“ systematisiert und kategorisiert. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen nicht nur eine individuell ausgeprägte Nutzungsfrequenz der einzelnen Politiker/-innen, sondern auch unterschiedliche Stile der Twitternutzung, die sich als „persönlich-interaktiv“ und „thematisch-informativ“ klassifizieren lassen. In Einblick auf deliberative Strukturen ist die Twitterkommunikation im Politiker-Bürger-Dialog hingegen noch ausbaufähig.
Based on German speaking data from various activity types, the range of multimodal resources used to construct turn-beginnings is reviewed. It is claimed that participants in talk-in-interaction need to deal with four tasks in order to construct a turn which precisely fits the interactional moment of its production:
1. Achieve joint orientation: The accomplishment of the socio-spatial prerequisites necessary for producing a turn which is to become part of the participants’ common ground.
2. Display uptake: Next speaker needs to display his/her understanding of the interaction so far as the backdrop on which the production of the upcoming turn is based.
3. Deal with projections from prior talk: The speaker has to deal with projections which have been established by (the) previous turn(s) with respect to the upcoming turn.
4. Project properties of turn-in-progress: The speaker needs to orient the recipient to properties of the turn s/he is about to produce.
Turn-design thus can be seen to be informed by tasks related to the multimodal, embodied, and interactive contingencies of online-construction of turns. The four tasks are ordered in terms of prior tasks providing the prerequisite for accomplishing a later task.
Based on German speaking data from various activity types, the range of multimodal resources used to construct turn-beginnings is reviewed. It is claimed that participants in talk-in-interaction need to deal with four tasks in order to construct a turn which precisely fits the interactional moment of its production:
1. Achieve joint orientation: The accomplishment of the socio-spatial prerequisites necessary for producing a turn which is to become part of the participants’ common ground.
2. Display uptake: Next speaker needs to display his/her understanding of the interaction so far as the backdrop on which the production of the upcoming turn is based.
3. Deal with projections from prior talk: The speaker has to deal with projections which have been established by (the) previous turn(s) with respect to the upcoming turn.
4. Project properties of turn-in-progress: The speaker needs to orient the recipient to properties of the turn s/he is about to produce.
Turn-design thus can be seen to be informed by tasks related to the multimodal, embodied, and interactive contingencies of online-construction of turns. The four tasks are ordered in terms of prior tasks providing the prerequisite for accomplishing a later task.
The coronavirus pandemic may be the largest crisis the world has had to face since World War II. It does not come as a surprise that it is also having an impact on language as our primary communication tool. In this short paper, we present three inter-connected resources that are designed to capture and illustrate these effects on a subset of the German language: An RSS corpus of German-language newsfeeds (with freely available untruncated frequency lists), a continuously updated HTML page tracking the diversity of the vocabulary in the RSS corpus and a Shiny web application that enables other researchers and the broader public to explore the corpus in terms of basic frequencies.
Am Beispiel von zwei Fallstudien wird die Frage der Generalisierbarkeit von an einer Einzelsprache gewonnenen Erkenntnissen über Verknüpfungselemente (Konnektoren) und konnektorale Strukturen aufgeworfen. Empirisch geht es zum einen um die Topologie von Adverbkonnektoren, zum anderen um das Verhältnis zwischen Adverbkonnektoren, Subjunktoren (bzw. Untersatzeinleitern) und den ihnen zugrundeliegenden Präpositionen. Methodischer Ausgangspunkt sind jeweils die Analysen und Klassifikationen des HDK, also ein dezidiert auf das Deutsche bezogener Ansatz. Es soll gezeigt werden, dass die feinkörnige einzelsprachliche Analyse, wie sie das HDK bietet, mit Gewinn auch auf andere europäische Sprachen, hier Englisch, Französisch und am Rande auch Polnisch, adaptiert werden kann, wenn die Rahmenbedingungen stimmen, also zugrundeliegende funktionale komparative Konzepte und sprachspezifische Strukturprinzipien beachtet werden. Dann ist auch ein Zugewinn für die Beschreibung des Deutschen zu erwarten.
Thomas Müntzer zählt zu den Persönlichkeiten der deutschen Geschichte, die bislang völlig kontrovers beurteilt wurden. Das demonstriert schon die Auflistung der Bezeichnungen, mit denen Müntzer in der Literatur charakterisiert wurde und wird: Reformator, Theologe, Priester, Prediger, Prophet, Mystiker, Spiritualist, Apokalyptiker, (Sozial-)Revolutionär, Rebell, Bauernführer, Terrorist. In der DDR wurde er als Kämpfer für eine bessere, gerechte, von Ausbeutung freie Gesellschaft verehrt. Er galt als Vertreter eines christlichen Sozialismus. Sein Porträt war seit 1971 auf der 5-Mark- Banknote zu finden. Die religiösen Aspekte seines Wirkens wurden allerdings stark vernachlässigt. Die frühere Bundesrepublik sah in Müntzer eher einen religiösen Sonderling und nahm ihn nur am Rande zur Kenntnis.
Seine theologischen Auffassungen äußerte Müntzer in wenigen, meist recht kurzen, aber äußerst eindringlich formulierten Texten, deren Druck oft mit Problemen verbunden war. Bei den Zeitgenossen wirkte er vor allem über seine Predigten, die allerdings nicht publiziert wurden. Erhalten blieb dagegen ein nicht unbeträchtlicher Teil seines Briefwechsels, der für die Entwicklung seiner Ideen aufschlussreich ist. Im Prager Manifest, einem ungedruckt gebliebenen frühen Text, formulierte Müntzer erstmals in groben Zügen seine zentralen reformatorischen Vorstellungen.
Lexical resources are often represented in table form, e. g., in relational databases, or represented in specially marked up texts, for example, in document based XML models. This paper describes how it is possible to model lexical structures as graphs and how this model can be used to exploit existing lexical resources and even how different types of lexical resources can be combined.
This study examines what kind of cues and constraints for discourse interpretation can be derived from the logical and generic document structure of complex texts by the example of scientific journal articles. We performed statistical analysis on a corpus of scientific articles annotated on different annotations layers within the framework of XML-based multi-layer annotation. We introduce different discourse segment types that constrain the textual domains in which to identify rhetorical relation spans, and we show how a canonical sequence of text type structure categories is derived from the corpus annotations. Finally, we demonstrate how and which text type structure categories assigned to complex discourse segments of the type “block” statistically constrain the occurrence of rhetorical relation types.
In order to determine priorities for the improvement of timing in synthetic speech this study looks at the role of segmental duration prediction and the role of phonological symbolic representation in the perceptual quality of a text-to-speech system. In perception experiments using German speech synthesis, two standard duration models (Klatt rules and CART) were tested. The input to these models consisted of a symbolic representation which was either derived from a database or a text-to-speech system. Results of the perception experiments show that different duration models can only be distinguished when the symbolic representation is appropriate. Considering the relative importance of the symbolic representation, post-lexical segmental rules were investigated with the outcome that listeners differ in their preferences regarding the degree of segmental reduction. As a conclusion, before fine-tuning the duration prediction, it is important to derive an appropriate phonological symbolic representation in order to improve timing in synthetic speech.
We argue that properties with a nominal origin get transferred regularly in certain Gentian particle verb constructions to properties that are propositional insofar as they characterize the temporal structure of eventualities, understood to be described by propositional (= truth-assessable) representations of state changes. Accordingly, the oft-noted perfectivizing function of certain verbal particles like ein- in einfahren ('pull in', cf. Kühnhold 1972) is the effect of redressing a conflict at the syntax-semantics interface: On the one hand, constructions like in [die Grube]acc einfahren ('pull into the mine’) exhibit transitive syntax (Gehrke 2008), requiring that the syntactic arguments be mapped onto well-distinguished or DIFFERENT referents in the semantics (Kemmer 1993). On the other hand, in/ein codes a spatio-temporal inclusion relation between its relata, contradicting the requirement imposed by the transitive syntax. Following Brandt (2019), we submit that the interface executes a manoeuvre that delays the interpretation of part of the contradiction-inducing DIFFERENCE feature. It is not locally interpreted (semantically represented) in toto but in part passed on to the next syntactic-semantic computational cycle. Here, the passed-on meaning is interpreted in the locally customary terms, in the case at hand, as a temporal index where the post-state of the depicted eventuality does not hold.
Based on conference reports and minutes, archive material and official documents, the article seeks to explore the way in which the promotion of women’s sports and of women in leadership positions became an important part of the sport policy of two major organizations involved in European sport cooperation: the Council of Europe and the European Sport Conference. During first and modest discussions in the 1960s and 1970s it constituted a rather paternalistic project. Also, it was based on the assumption of an essential difference between men and women concerning the need for participation in sport. This only changed since the beginning of the 1980s when women took the course in their own hands, challenged the underlying assumptions and created new networks of cooperation.
This paper discusses the semi-formal language of mathematics and presents the Naproche CNL, a controlled natural language for mathematical authoring. Proof Representation Structures, an adaptation of Discourse Representation Structures, are used to represent the semantics of texts written in the Naproche CNL. We discuss how the Naproche CNL can be used in formal mathematics, and present our prototypical Naproche system, a computer program for parsing texts in the Naproche CNL and checking the proofs in them for logical correctness.
‘Linguistic relativity’ has become a major keyword in debates on the psychological significance of language diversity. In this context, the term ‘relativity’ was originally taken on loan from Einstein’s then-recent theories by Edward Sapir (1924) and Benjamin L. Whorf (1940). The present paper assesses how far the idea of linguistic relativity does analogically build on relevant insights in modern physics, and fails to find any substantial analogies. The term was used rhetorically by Sapir and Whorf, and has since been incorporated into a cognitivist research programme that seeks to answer whether ‘language influences thought’. Contemporary research on ‘linguistic relativity’ has developed into a distinct way of studying language diversity, which shares a lot with the universalistic cognitivist framework it opposes, but little with relational approaches in science.
We analyze the linguistic evolution of selected scientific disciplines over a 30-year time span (1970s to 2000s). Our focus is on four highly specialized disciplines at the boundaries of computer science that emerged during that time: computational linguistics, bioinformatics, digital construction, and microelectronics. Our analysis is driven by the question whether these disciplines develop a distinctive language use—both individually and collectively—over the given time period. The data set is the English Scientific Text Corpus (scitex), which includes texts from the 1970s/1980s and early 2000s. Our theoretical basis is register theory. In terms of methods, we combine corpus-based methods of feature extraction (various aggregated features [part-of-speech based], n-grams, lexico-grammatical patterns) and automatic text classification. The results of our research are directly relevant to the study of linguistic variation and languages for specific purposes (LSP) and have implications for various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, for example, authorship attribution, text mining, or training NLP tools.
The lexicography of German
(2020)
This chapter discusses the main dictionaries of the German language as it is spoken and written in Germany, and also German as it is spoken and written in Austria, Switzerland, the eastern fringes of Belgium, and South Tyrol. It also briefly describes Pennsylvania German. Corpora and other language resources used in German dictionary-making are also presented. Finally, there is a discussion of some current issues in German lexicography, as well as future prospects.
The ISOcat registry reloaded
(2012)
The linguistics community is building a metadata-based infrastructure for the description of its research data and tools. At its core is the ISOcat registry, a collaborative platform to hold a (to be standardized) set of data categories (i.e., field descriptors). Descriptors have definitions in natural language and little explicit interrelations. With the registry growing to many hundred entries, authored by many, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the rather informal definitions and their glossary-like design make it hard for users to grasp, exploit and manage the registry’s content. In this paper, we take a large subset of the ISOcat term set and reconstruct from it a tree structure following the footsteps of schema.org. Our ontological re-engineering yields a representation that gives users a hierarchical view of linguistic, metadata-related terminology. The new representation adds to the precision of all definitions by making explicit information which is only implicitly given in the ISOcat registry. It also helps uncovering and addressing potential inconsistencies in term definitions as well as gaps and redundancies in the overall ISOcat term set. The new representation can serve as a complement to the existing ISOcat model, providing additional support for authors and users in browsing, (re-)using, maintaining, and further extending the community’s terminological metadata repertoire.
Telicity and agentivity are semantic factors that split intransitive verbs into (at least two) different classes. Clear-cut unergative verbs, which select the auxiliary HAVE, are assumed to be atelic and agent-selecting; unequivocally unaccusative verbs, which select the auxiliary BE, are analyzed as telic and patient-selecting. Thus, agentivity and telicity are assumed to be inversely correlated in split intransitivity. We will present semantic and experimental evidence from German and Mandarin Chinese that casts doubts on this widely held assumption. The focus of our experimental investigation lies on variation with respect to agentivity (specifically motion control, manipulated via animacy), telicity (tested via a locative vs. goal adverbial), and BE/HAVE-selection with semantically flexible intransitive verbs of motion. Our experimental methods are acceptability ratings for German and Chinese (Experiments 1 and 2) and event-related potential (ERP) measures for German (Experiment 3). Our findings contradict the above-mentioned assumption that agentivity and telicity are generally inversely correlated and suggest that for the verbs under study, agentivity and telicity harmonize with each other. Furthermore, the ERP measures reveal that the impact of the interaction under discussion is more pronounced on the verb lexeme than on the auxiliary. We also found differences between Chinese and German that relate to the influence of telicity on BE/HAVE-selection. They seem to confirm the claim in previous research that the weight of the telicity factor locomotion (or internal motion) is cross-linguistically variable.
The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section.
The Leibniz-Institute for the German Language (IDS) was established in Mannheim in 1964. Since then, it has been at the forefront of innovation in German linguistics as a hub for digital language data. This chapter presents various lessons learnt from over five decades of work by the IDS, ranging from the importance of sustainability, through its strong technical base and FAIR principles, to the IDS’ role in national and international cooperation projects and its expertise on legal and ethical issues related to language resources and language technology.
The establishment of Scottish Parliament: What difference does it make for the Gaelic language?
(2004)
After the Labour government takeover in Westminster in 1997, followed by the referendum on establishing a Scottish Parliament, hopes for more support for the Gaelic language in Scotland were nourished. In the election campaign to the Scottish Parliament in 1999, all parties which were elected to Parliament had mentioned Gaelic, and all parties except the Conservatives had promised an increase in support for Gaelic (cf. Scottish parties’ election manifestoes, obtainable from the parties or via their web sites). Now that the new Scottish Executive, formed by Labour and the Liberal Democrats, has been in power for some time, it is interesting to see if these hopes have been fulfilled.
The two core questions of this paper will thus be:
1. What is the status of Scottish Gaelic after the devolution process?
2. What difference does the existence of the Scottish Parliament make for the status of Gaelic?
It is important to note that this paper refers to language status and Gaelic’s position from a mere language policy perspective. The results are mostly based on an analysis of Parliament documents, the method of investigation being strictly philological. Empirical research has not yet been undertaken. The reference time of my paper will be the first year of Scottish Parliament and the new executive. Even though this is an arbitrary time break, the first year is a symbolic point of time. As the first legislation period as a possibly more natural reference point is not over yet, this choice seems legitimate.
We present an empirical study addressing the question whether, and to which extent, lexicographic writing aids improve text revision results. German university students were asked to optimise two German texts using (1) no aids at all, (2) highlighted problems, or (3) highlighted problems accompanied by lexicographic resources that could be used to solve the specific problems. We found that participants from the third group corrected the largest number of problems and introduced the fewest semantic distortions during revision. Also, they reached the highest overall score and were most efficient (as measured in points per time). The second group with highlighted problems lies between the two other groups in almost every measure we analysed. We discuss these findings in the scope of intelligent writing environments, the effectiveness of writing aids in practical usage situations and teaching dictionary skills.
Consistency of reference structures is an important issue in lexicography and dictionary research, especially with respect to information on sense-related items. In this paper, the systematic challenges of this area (e.g. ‘non-reversed reference’, bidirectional linking being realised as unidirectional structures) will be outlined, and the problems which can be caused by these challenges for both lexicographers and dictionary users will be discussed. The paper also discusses how text-technological Solutions may help to provide Support for the consistency of sense-related pairings during the process of compiling a dictionary.
This article makes an empirical and a methodological contribution to the comparative study of action. The empirical contribution is a comparative study of three distinct types of action regularly accomplished with the turn format du meinst x (“you mean/think x”) in German: candidate understandings, formulations of the other’s mind, and requests for a judgment. These empirical materials are the basis for a methodological exploration of different levels of researcher abstraction in the comparative study of action. Two levels are examined: the (coarser) level of conditionally relevant responses (what a response speaker must do to align with the action of the prior turn) and the (finer) level of “full alignment” (what a response speaker can do to align with the action of a prior turn). Both levels of abstraction provide empirically viable and analytically interesting descriptive concepts for the comparative study of action. Data are in German.
In a recent article, Meylan and Griffiths (Meylan & Griffiths, 2021, henceforth, M&G) focus their attention on the significant methodological challenges that can arise when using large-scale linguistic corpora. To this end, M&G revisit a well-known result of Piantadosi, Tily, and Gibson (2011, henceforth, PT&G) who argue that average information content is a better predictor of word length than word frequency. We applaud M&G who conducted a very important study that should be read by any researcher interested in working with large-scale corpora. The fact that M&G mostly failed to find clear evidence in favor of PT&G's main finding motivated us to test PT&G's idea on a subset of the largest archive of German language texts designed for linguistic research, the German Reference Corpus consisting of ∼43 billion words. We only find very little support for the primary data point reported by PT&G.
Tense, aspect, and mood are grammatical categories concerned with different notional facets of the event or situation conveyed by a given clause. They are prototypically expressed by the verbal system. Tense can be defined as a category that relates points or intervals in time to one another; in a most basic model, those include the time of the event or situation referred to and the speech time. The former may precede the latter (“past”), follow it (“future”), or be simultaneous with it (or at least overlap with it; “present”). Aspect is concerned with the internal temporal constituency of the event or situation, which may be viewed as a single whole (“perfective”) or with particular reference to its internal structure (“imperfective”), including its being ongoing at a certain point in time (“progressive”). Mood, in a narrow, morphological sense, refers to the inflectional realization of modality, with modality encompassing a large and varying set of sub-concepts such as possibility, necessity, probability, obligation, permission, ability, and volition. In the domain of tense, all Germanic languages make a distinction between non-past and past. In most languages, the opposition can be expressed inflectionally, namely, by the present and preterite (indicative). All modern languages also have a periphrastic perfect as well as periphrastic forms that can be used to refer to future events. Aspect is characteristically absent as a morphological category across the entire family, but most, if not all, modern languages have periphrastic forms for the expression of aspectual categories such as progressiveness. Regarding mood, Germanic languages are commonly described as distinguishing up to three such form paradigms, namely, indicative, imperative, and a third one referred to here as subjunctive. Morphologically distinct subjunctive forms are, however, more typical of earlier stages of Germanic than they are of most present-day languages.
In diesem Beitrag wird anhand von per Telefon gedolmetschten Gesprächen zwischen einer deutschsprechenden Asylverfahrensberaterin und arabischsprechenden KlientInnen die Notwendigkeit eines reflektierten computergestützten Transkriptionsverfahrens für interaktionsbezogene Untersuchungen diskutiert. Gesprächstranskription erfordert die Verwendung eines romanisierten, rechtsläufigen Schriftsystems für die schriftliche und grafische Darstellung der zeitlichen Dimensionen, d. h. die Synchronizität, Simultaneität und Reziprozität des sprachlichen Handelns. Durch die Entwicklung einer transparenten Systematik zur Romanisierung und Übersetzung von Gesprächsdaten wird ihre Opazität sowohl für LeserInnen ohne Arabischkenntnisse als auch für Sprachkundige ohne Kenntnisse über die rekonstruierten Varietäten reduziert und ansatzweise eine Lesbarkeit auch für Nicht-Sprachkundige geschaffen. Dies ist für die Datenkuratierung und etwaige Nachnutzungen von besonderer Bedeutung.
This article discusses questions concerning the creation, annotation and sharing of spoken language corpora. We use the Hamburg Map Task Corpus (HAMATAC), a small corpus in which advanced learners of German were recorded solving a map task, as an example to illustrate our main points. We first give an overview of the corpus creation and annotation process including recording, metadata documentation, transcription and semi-automatic annotation of the data. We then discuss the manual annotation of disfluencies as an example case in which many of the typical and challenging problems for data reuse – in particular the reliability of interpretative annotations – are revealed.
Ziel dieses Projekts ist es, Sprachdaten so nah wie möglich am Jetzt zu erheben und analysierbar zu machen. Wir möchten, dass möglichst viele Menschen, nicht nur Sprachwissenschaftlerinnen und Sprachwissenschaftler, in die Lage versetzt werden, Sprachdaten zu explorieren und zu nutzen. Hierzu erheben wir ein Korpus, d. h. eine aufbereitete Sammlung von Sprachdaten von RSS-Feeds deutschsprachiger Onlinequellen. Wir zeichnen die Entwicklung der Analysewerkzeuge von einem Prototyp hin zur aktuellen Form der Anwendung nach, die eine komplette Reimplementierung darstellt. Dabei gehen wir auf die Architektur, einige Analysebeispiele sowie Erweiterungsmöglichkeiten ein. Fragen der Skalierbarkeit und Performanz stehen dabei im Mittelpunkt. Unsere Darstellungen lassen sich daher auf andere Data-Science-Projekte verallgemeinern.
This article shows that the TEI tag set for feature structures can be adopted to represent a heterogeneous set of linguistic corpora. The majority of corpora is annotated using markup languages that are based on the Annotation Graph framework, the upcoming Linguistic Annotation Format ISO standard, or according to tag sets defined by or based upon the TEI guidelines. A unified representation comprises the separation of conceptually different annotation layers contained in the original corpus data (e.g. syntax, phonology, and semantics) into multiple XML files. These annotation layers are linked to each other implicitly by the identical textual content of all files. A suitable data structure for the representation of these annotations is a multi-rooted tree that again can be represented by the TEI and ISO tag set for feature structures. The mapping process and representational issues are discussed as well as the advantages and drawbacks associated with the use of the TEI tag set for feature structures as a storage and exchange format for linguistically annotated data.
We report on finished work in a project that is concerned with providing methods, tools, best practice guidelines, and solutions for sustainable linguistic resources. The article discusses several general aspects of sustainability and introduces an approach to normalizing corpus data and metadata records. Moreover, the architecture of the sustainability platform implemented by the authors is described.
In this paper we examine the composition and interactional deployment of suspended assessments in ordinary German conversation. We define suspended assessments as lexicosyntactically incomplete assessing TCUs that share a distinct cluster of prosodic-phonetic features which auditorily makes them come off as 'left hanging' rather than cut-off (e.g., Schegloff/Jefferson/Sacks 1977; Jasperson 2002) or trailing-off (e.g., Local/Kelly 1986; Walker 2012). Using CA/IL methodology (Couper-Kuhlen/Selting 2018) and drawing on a large body of video-recorded face-to-face conversations, we highlight the verbal, vocal and bodily-visual resources participants use to render such unfinished assessing TCUs recognizably incomplete and identify six recurrent usage types. Overall, the suspension of assessing TCUs appears to either serve as a practice for circumventing the production of assessments that are interactionally inapposite, or as a practice for coping with local contingencies that render the very doing of an assessment problematic for the speaker. Data are in German with English translations.
Substantivdetermination im Deutschen und im Ungarischen. Eine sprachtypologisch-kontrastive Analyse
(2018)
Die Studie untersucht den Bereich der Substantivdetermination im deutschen und im Ungarischen aus einer typologisch-kontrastiven Perspektive. Ausgehend von den semantisch-pragmatischen Funktionen der Determinative wird ihr Gebrauch zum Ausdruck von Definitheit, Indefinitheit und Generizität in beiden Sprachen beschrieben. Grundlage der Darstellung bilden Belege aus elektronischen Korpora und gedruckten literarischen Texten. Besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei Fragen gewidmet, die in der bisherigen Forschung wenig Aufmerksamkeit erfahren haben, so z.B. die Optionalität des indefiniten Artikels im Ungarischen sowie der sogenannte anamnestische Gebrauch der Demonstrativa. Beide Phänomenbereiche erlauben Rückschlüsse zum Grammatikalisierungsgrad er betreffenden Elemente. Ferner wird auf syntaktische Eigenschaften der Determinative wie ihre Kombinierbarkeit eingegangen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die beiden Vergleichssprachen neben vielen Gemeinsamkeiten auch sprachspezifische Besonderheiten im Gebrauch der Determinative aufweisen, die sich erst in einem Vergleich herauskristallisieren. Das Buch richtet sich an Fachkollegen und Studierende aus den Bereichen der germanistischen und ungarischen Sprachwissenschaft, der kontrastiven Linguistik, der Sprachtypologie und des Fachs Deutsch als Fremdsprache.
Sobald eine statistische Datenanalyse abgeschlossen ist, müssen in einem weiteren Schritt die Untersuchungsergebnisse aufbereitet und dargestellt werden. Hierzu gibt es verschiedene Möglichkeiten, die davon abhängig sind, welche Art von Analyse man durchgeführt hat. Aus diesem Grund ist der Beitrag gegliedert in die Aufbereitung von Ergebnissen für deskriptive, also beschreibende statistische Analysen (Abschnitt 2) und in die Ergebnisdarstellung von inferenzstatistischen (= schließenden) Auswertungen (Abschnitt 3). Wir gehen dabei auf die Aufbereitung der Daten in Tabellenform ein, werden an einem Beispiel zeigen, wie man die Ergebnisse von statistischen Tests berichtet und einige Visualisierungsmöglichkeiten vorstellen.
When searching large electronic corpora of the German language, one finds variation at structurally critical points of the grammatical system. Two examples from the grammar of the noun phrase show that in certain cases this variation helps to ensure the function of a standard language, so that a certain amount of variation belongs to a realistic idea of a standard language. This is shown on the one hand by techniques of expanding the central adjective vocabulary and on the other hand by the choice of morphological alternatives in the area between determiners and attributive adjectives
Wer über die aktuelle Entwicklung des Deutschen, über Sprachpflege und Sprach-politik in Deutschland spricht, muss unausweichlich auch über Englisch reden. Darin unterscheidet sich mein Bericht nicht von denen aus mehreren anderen europäischen Ländern. Meine Kapitel heißen Anglizismen, Domänenverslust, Sprachpolitik.
Der Beitrag steht im Zusammenhang mit einem Forschungsprojekt, das die Erarbeitung einer sprachlichen Sozialgeschichte der Jahre 1933 bis 1945 zum Ziel hat. Er verfolgt das Ziel, zum einen die Kategorie der Alltagsdissidenz methodisch-theoretisch im Searleschen Sinn von Akzeptanzverweigerung zu konzipieren und empirisch zu erproben. Außerdem wird damit ein bisher diskurslinguistisch nicht beachteter Aspekt der Sozialgeschichte im NS sprachgeschichtlich erschlossen. Materialgestützt werden Formen von Alltagsdissidenz vorgestellt und in ein, nach Beteiligung und Öffentlichkeitsgrad unterscheidendes Ordnungsschema gebracht.
Unter Neologismen finden sich bedeutungsgleiche Ausdrücke (im weitesten Sinne Synonyme), die unter bestimmten Bedingungen sprachliche Unsicherheiten hervorrufen. Das liegt u. a. an ihrer semantisch-konzeptuellen Ähnlichkeit, an nicht abgeschlossenen Lexikalisierungsprozessen, aber es treten auch Zweifel auf, weil es Unterschiede zwischen der Allgemein- und der Fachsprache gibt. Für einige Neologismen ist es auch charakteristisch, dass mehrere morphologische Varianten gleichzeitig in den Wortschatz eintreten, sodass nicht immer klar ist, wann welche präferiert werden. Dass all diese Ausdrücke lexikalischem Wettbewerb und situationsgebundenen Gebrauchsbedingungen ausgesetzt sind und dass sie zu Zweifel führen können, wird in Onlineforen sichtbar. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie solche Paare/Gruppen korpusgestützt semantisch analysiert und wie sie in deskriptiven Wörterbüchern angemessen beschrieben werden können, um sowohl Gemeinsamkeiten als auch Unterschiede für Nachschlagende sichtbar zu machen. Dazu werden konkrete Beispiele und ein gegenüberstellendes Wörterbuchdarstellungsformat für neologistische Synonyme vorgeschlagen.
Der Beitrag beschreibt einen spezifisch diskurslinguistischen Zugang zu der sprachgeschichtlichen Frage nach durch gesellschaftlich-politische Faktoren hervorgerufenen Umbrüchen. Orientiert an den Foucaultschen Kategorien der Serialität und der Diskontinuität werden diese methodischen Implikaturen auf die Umbrüche 1918/19 und 1945ff bezogen. Das Methodenmodell besteht im Wesentlichen aus zwei Aspekten: Als Faktor von hoher Umbruchrelevanz wird zum einen der soziopragmatische Bezug zu Diskursakteuren hergestellt. Exemplarisch werden zum andern diese Epochen kennzeichnende demokratiegeschichtliche Institutionalisierungsakte im Sinne Searles beschrieben. Damit wird ein Beitrag zur diskurslinguistischen Methodenreflexion geleistet.
Since the late 18th century the notion of an "organism of language" has been dominating the views of the essence of language in Germany. It was a crucial aspect of this notion that languages were something living and had to be described as living beings. It was this aspect in particular that was severely criticized in the second half of the 19th century as no longer meeting the standards of a more sophisticated biological concept of life. It must be borne in mind, though, that the notion of organism developed in the intellectual context of German natural philosophy, where one basic assumption was that all three kingdoms of nature—plants, animals, and minerals as well— breathe life, and are manifestations of a living earth in a living cosmos. Corresponding to the assumed unity of life processes was the aspiration after uniform philosophical and scientific principles of their investigation; and there accordingly was little hesitation to exchange terminologies, conceptions, metaphors, methods, and speculations between disciplines. This provides the backdrop also for the rapprochement of linguistics and the geosciences among adherents of natural philosophy, mediated by Carl Ritter's anthropological geography and Alexander von Humboldt’s Kosmos.
The notion of life could be applied in classification and periodization in relatively concrete ways (as for example, when speaking of the youth, adulthood, and old age of both languages and the earth), or could be made use of in more abstract speculative schemes (evident for example, in Jacob Grimm's preference for triads), whose impact has so far been little investigated. In the 19th century, advances in the geosciences lead to entirely new insights into the course of the history of the earth. What was emerging more slowly was a realistic picture of the time spans to be taken into account in anthropology and linguistics. Authors such as Adelung and Grimm still saw it as their task in principle to account for linguistic developments throughout the entire history of mankind, subject to certain geographical limitations. Such ambition was premature, though, since serious anthropologically orientated research into tens of thousands of years of linguistic and cultural prehistory, reaching well beyond the limits of traditional reconstructions, is only beginning today.
As the nature of negative polarity items (NPIs) and their licensing contexts is still under much debate, a broad empirical basis is an important cornerstone to support further insights in this area of research. The work discussed in this paper is intended as a contribution to realizing this objective. The authors briefly introduce the phenomenon of NPIs and outline major theories about their licensing and also various licensing contexts before discussing our major topics: Firstly, a corpus-based retrieval method for NPI candidates is described that ranks the candidates according to their distributional dependence on the licensing contexts. Our method extracts single-word candidates and is extended to also capture multi-word candidates. The basic idea for automatically collecting NPI candidates from a large corpus is that an NPI behaves like a kind of collocate to its licensing contexts. Manual inspection and interpretation of the candidate lists identify the actual NPIs. Secondly, an online repository for NPIs and other items that show distributional idiosyncrasies is presented, which offers an empirical database for further (theoretical) research on these items in a sustainable way.
Als die Olympischen Sommerspiele 1968 im Oktober 1963 nach Mexico City vergeben wurden, machten sorgenvolle Befürchtungen aufgrund der Höhe des Austragungsorts und die dadurch auftretenden Belastungen der Athlet*innenkörper in den Medien die Runde. Sehr schnell gingen fast alle teilnehmenden Sportverbände zur höhenphysiologischen Vorbereitung unter Einbeziehung sportmedizinischer Expertise über. Auf der Basis von Archivbeständen des Deutschen Olympischen Sportbundes sowie zeitgenössischen sportmedizinischen Beiträgen beleuchtet der Aufsatz die Rolle der Sportmedizin in der Vorbereitungsphase auf die Olympischen Sommerspiele 1968. Im Zentrum steht die Frage, auf welche Weise der Leistungskörper der Athlet*innen ins biopolitische, sportmedizinische Blickfeld rückte, welche Tests und Untersuchungen mit ihm durchgeführt wurden und welche Bedeutung dies für das Zusammenspiel von Leistungssport und Sportmedizin hatte.
Objective: Discrimination against nonnative speakers is widespread and largely socially acceptable. Nonnative speakers are evaluated negatively because accent is a sign that they belong to an outgroup and because understanding their speech requires unusual effort from listeners. The present research investigated intergroup bias, based on stronger support for hierarchical relations between groups (social dominance orientation [SDO]), as a predictor of hiring recommendations of nonnative speakers.
Method: In an online experiment using an adaptation of the thin-slices methodology, 65 U.S. adults (54% women; 80% White; M[age] = 35.91, range = 18–67) heard a recording of a job applicant speaking with an Asian (Mandarin Chinese) or a Latino (Spanish) accent. Participants indicated how likely they would be to recommend hiring the speaker, answered questions about the text, and indicated how difficult it was to understand the applicant.
Results: Independent of objective comprehension, participants high in SDO reported that it was more difficult to understand a Latino speaker than an Asian speaker. SDO predicted hiring recommendations of the speakers, but this relationship was mediated by the perception that nonnative speakers were difficult to understand. This effect was stronger for speakers from lower status groups (Latinos relative to Asians) and was not related to objective comprehension.
Conclusions: These findings suggest a cycle of prejudice toward nonnative speakers: Not only do perceptions of difficulty in understanding cause prejudice toward them, but also prejudice toward low-status groups can lead to perceived difficulty in understanding members of these groups.
Situiertheit
(1993)