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Sexual harassment severely impacts the educational system in the West African country Benin and the progress of women in this society that is characterized by great gender inequality. Knowledge of the belief systems rooting in the sociocultural context is crucial to the understanding of sexual harassment. However, no study has yet investigated how sexual harassment is related to fundamental beliefs in Benin or West African countries. We conducted a field study on 265 female and male students from several high schools in Benin to investigate the link between sexual harassment and measures of ambivalent sexism, gender identity, and rape myth acceptance. Almost half of the sample reported having experienced sexual harassment personally or among peers. Levels of sexism and rape myth acceptance were very high compared to other studies. These attitudes appeared to converge in a sexist belief system that was linked to personal experiences, the perceived probability of experiencing and fear of sexual harassment. Results suggest that sexual harassment is a societal problem and that interventions need to address fundamental attitudes held in societies low in gender equality.
Drawing on naturalistic video and audio recordings of international meetings, and within the framework of conversation analysis, ethnomethodology and interactional linguistics, this chapter studies how multilingual resources are mobilized in social interactions among professionals, how available linguistic and embodied resources are identified and used by the participants, which solutions are locally elaborated by them when they are confronted with various languages spoken but not shared among them, and which definition of multilingualism they adopt for all practical purposes. Focusing on the multilingual solutions emically elaborated in international professional meetings, we show that the participants orient to a double principle: on the one hand, they orient to the progressivity of the interaction, adopting all the possible resources that enable them to go on within the current activity; on the other hand, they orient to the intersubjectivity of the interaction, treating, preventing and repairing possible troubles and problems of understanding. Specific multilingual solutions can be adopted to keep this difficult balance between progressivity and intersubjectivity; they vary according to the settings, the competences at hand, the linguistic and embodied resources locally defined by the participants as publicly available, the multilingual resources treated as totally or partially shared, as transparent or opaque, and as needing repair or not. The paper begins by sketching the analytical framework, including the methodology and the data collected; it then presents some general findings, before offering an analysis of various ways in which participants keep the balance between progressivity and intersubjectivity in different multilingual interactional contexts.
Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch
(2013)
Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Syntax und Semantik von Konstruktionen im Deutschen mit es- und präpositionalen Korrelaten wie "Leo bedauert es, dass Mia krank ist" oder "Leo freut sich darüber, dass Mia gesund ist". Er argumentiert gegen Breindls (1989), Sudhoffs (2003, i.Vorb.), und Freys (2011) Homonymiehypothese, nach der es-Korrelate und präpositionale Korrelate sich jeweils in unterschiedliche syntaktische Kategorien aufsplitten. Es wird eine uniforme Analyse präsentiert, die generell ein Korrelat als eine Proform ansieht, die auf ein abstraktes Objekt referiert. Letzteres ist entweder eine Aussage σ, auf die ein eingebetteter Deklarativsatz oder das Radikal eines eingebetteten wenn- oder ob-Satzes referiert, oder es handelt sich bei ihm um eine kontextgegebene Aussage μ, die eine Antwort auf die eingebettete w-Frage darstellt. Die uniforme Analyse offeriert syntaktische und semantische Erklärungen für die Beobachtungen, die zu der Homonymiehypothese geführt haben.
Construction-based language models assume that grammar is meaningful and learnable from experience. Focusing on five of the most elementary argument structure constructions of English, a large-scale corpus study of child-directed speech (CDS) investigates exactly which meanings/functions are associated with these patterns in CDS, and whether they are indeed specially indicated to children by their caretakers (as suggested by previous research, cf. Goldberg, Casenhiser and Sethuraman 2004). Collostructional analysis (Stefanowitsch and Gries 2003) is employed to uncover significantly attracted verb-construction combinations, and attracted pairs are classified semantically in order to systematise the attested usage patterns of the target constructions. The results indicate that the structure of the input may aid learners in making the right generalisations about constructional usage patterns, but such scaffolding is not strictly necessary for construction learning: not all argument structure constructions are coherently semanticised to the same extent (in the sense that they designate a single schematic event type of the kind envisioned in Goldberg’s [1995] ‘scene encoding hypothesis’), and they also differ in the extent to which individual semantic subtypes predominate in learners’ input
Opinion holder extraction is one of the most important tasks in sentiment analysis. We will briefly outline the importance of predicates for this task and categorize them according to part of speech and according to which semantic role they select for the opinion holder. For many languages there do not exist semantic resources from which such predicates can be easily extracted. Therefore, we present alternative corpus-based methods to gain such predicates automatically, including the usage of prototypical opinion holders, i.e. common nouns, denoting for example experts or analysts, which describe particular groups of people whose profession or occupation is to form and express opinions towards specific items.
We explore the feasibility of contextual healthiness classification of food items. We present a detailed analysis of the linguistic phenomena that need to be taken into consideration for this task based on a specially annotated corpus extracted from web forum entries. For automatic classification, we compare a supervised classifier and rule-based classification. Beyond linguistically motivated features that include sentiment information we also consider the prior healthiness of food items.
Since the eighties of the last century, the Institut für Deutsche Sprache (Institute for the German Language) explored in various ways the attitudes of the German population towards the national language in Germany. After limited studies without statistical relevance, two representative surveys were conducted in 1997/98 and 2008/09. The questions asked concerned attitudes toward recent developments of the language, the regional variance of German, especially the East- and West-German variants, and towards foreign languages inside and outside of the country. The major statistical results are presented and discussed.
Sprachentwicklung – Sprachkultur – Sprachkritik: Erwägungen zum heutigen und künftigen Deutsch
(2013)
Following an explanation of the problems to evaluate the general state of a language and to predict its future development, the main popular worries concerning the present German language are briefly presented and discussed. Three speculative scenarios of states of German at the end of the century are sketched and compared:
A. The preservation of the main structural features and domains of the German language,
B. The change of German into an Anglo-German creole,
C. The exchange of German by an 'international' English with the exception of a few relics of old German dialects.
Scenario A, the 'positive' one of the three possible developments, is argued for in more detail, and ways and means to support such a development of the German language within the context of the other European languages are suggested and discussed.
Die Satznegation, bisher ungeachtet zweier seriöser Monographien in den Grammatiken eher stiefmütterlich behandelt, weist gegenüber anderen Arten der Negation, ebenso gegenüber vielen existimatorischen Angaben gewisse syntaktische und semantische Besonderheiten auf, die in die grammatische Beschreibung eingehen müssen. Es wird für die dependentielle Verbgrammatik ein neues Darstellungsverfahren entwickelt, das diesen Besonderheiten gerecht zu werden versucht.
Indirekt reden
(2013)
Der inhumane Dativ
(2013)
Repairs for Reasoning
(2013)
We describe and experimentally investigate phenomena of modal enrichment, that is, phenomena in which a recipient non-literally interprets an utterance by creating and applying a modal operator. We give competing explanations for these phenomena - namely an explanation according to which modal enrichment is a repair procedure for making the utterance match a script of information processing vs. an explanation according to which modal enrichment is triggered by rhetorical structure.
Extending the possibilities for collaborative work with TEI/XML through the usage of a wiki system
(2013)
This paper presents and discusses an integrated project-specific working environment for editing TEI/XML-files and linking entities of interest to a dedicated wiki system. This working environment has been specifically tailored to the workflow in our interdisciplinary digital humanities project GeoBib. It addresses some challenges that arose while working with person-related data and geographical references in a growing collection of TEI/XML-files. While our current solution provides some essential benefits, we also discuss several critical issues and challenges that remain.
In recent times presentations have drawn the attention of scientific interest as a new form of communication. In visualization of abstract structures or relationships in scholarly presentations using diagrams, different medial layers of meaning are conjoined in a very special way. The present paper examines firstly the multimodal structure of presentations and the mechanisms of establishing cross-modality coherence. Then the results of a reception experiment are discussed that gives rise to the assumption that multimodality can in fact improve the understanding of scholarly presentations. In the final part of the paper the production of an abstract visualization in a scholarly presentation is exemplified with regard to the solution of disambiguation and linearization problems. We claim that abstract visualizations in presentations are used to produce narratives by the speaker, and without such narratives this kind of visualization cannot be understood properly.
Kontextualisierung durch Hashtags: die Mediatisierung des politischen Sprachgebrauchs im Internet
(2013)
In politischen Diskursen auf Microblogs stehen einzelne Beiträge zunächst einmal für sich. Erst die Kontextualisierung einer Äußerung ermöglicht adäquate Schlussprozesse. Hashtags erfüllen hierbei eine wesentliche Funktion: In Twitter können sie als Kontextualisierungshinweise verwendet werden, um Wörter zu markieren und Zusammenhänge herzustellen. Hashtags bieten den NutzerInnen von Microblogs die Möglichkeit, Diskurse zu verfolgen, an ihnen teilzunehmen, sie zu gestalten, sie umzudeuten, neue Diskurse zu kreieren, aber auch sie zu ignorieren oder sie zu umgehen. In der politischen Twitterkommunikation erhalten Wörter durch Hashtags ein neues Gewicht: Diskurse werden über sie identifiziert und strukturiert und erst durch sie ist es möglich, thematische Kohärenz, Sequentialität, Intertextualität und damit Diskursivität zu erzeugen. Die Beispiele aus der Twitterpraxis zeigen, dass die Veränderung der Akteurskonstellationen weitgehende Folgen für die öffentliche Kommunikation haben kann. Nicht nur die professionell Beteiligten wie JournalistInnen und PolitikerInnen, sondern auch interessierte BürgerInnen können an Diskursen teilnehmen und diese aktiv gestalten. Öffentliche Wörter, wie im beschriebenen Fall das Hashtag „#aufschrei“, machen den Diskurs zugänglich und sichtbar zugleich. Darüber hinaus symbolisieren sie das Diskursthema – hier: Alltagssexismus – und ermöglichen einen gesellschaftlichen Diskurs über massenmediale Themensetzungen hinaus. Interessanterweise nehmen Massenmedien diese Diskurse wiederum auf, so dass Twitter sowohl ein Medium ist, in dem Anschlusskommunikation zu diskutierten Themen einer massenmedialen Öffentlichkeit betrieben wird, als auch ein eigenständiges Diskursmedium, dessen Agenda seinerseits von den Traditionsmedien aufgriffen wird.
With the advent of mobile devices, mediatized political discourse became more dynamic. I assume that the microblog Twitter can be considered as a medium for spatial coordination during protests. Therefore, the case of neo-Nazi demonstrations and counter-protests in the city of Dresden that occurred in February 2012 is analysed. Data consists of microposts that occurred during the event. Quantitative analysis of hashtag and retweet frequencies was performed as well as qualitative speech act pattern analysis and a tempo-spatial discourse analysis on selected subsets of microposts. Results show that a common linguistic practice is verbal georeferencing and by that constructing space. Empirical analysis indicates a strong relation between communicational online space and physical offline place: Protest participants permanently reconfigure spatial context discursively and thus the contested protest area becomes a temporarily meaningful place.
Der Beitrag analysiert die Strukturen der Inhaltsdistribution im Microblogging-System Twitter. Den Ausgangspunkt hierfür bildet eine Fokussierung der Medienforschung auf Produktion und Rezeption von „User Generated Content“ im Social Web, die ebenso wie die Annahme einer „freien“ Wahl von Themen- und Informationsquellen im Web hinterfragt werden soll. Die zentrale These lautet hierbei, dass nicht nur Nutzerinnen und Nutzer über die Verteilung der Inhalte bestimmen, sondern in hohem Maße auch Algorithmen. Im Konzept der selektiven Distribution werden die typischen Distributionsmodi sowie deren Erzeugungsmechanismen herausgearbeitet und dargestellt. Die medienethische Verantwortung für die Verteilung der nutzergenerierten Inhalte liegt (auch) bei den Medienunternehmen, die die Macht über algorithmische Distributionsstrukturen haben. Die Unternehmen geraten dadurch, wie abschließend argumentiert wird, in einen Konflikt zwischen wirtschaftlichen Interessen und gesellschaftlicher Verantwortung. Aus der Analyse ergeben sich Forderungen nach mehr Transparenz der algorithmischen Distributionsprinzipien sowie mehr Kontrollmöglichkeiten für die User.
This paper explores on the basis of empirical research, how patterns of interaction and argumentation in political discourse on Twitter evolve as translocal communities in the creative shape of “joint digital storytelling”. Joint storytelling embraces coordinated activities by multiple actors focusing on a shared topic. By adding personal information and evaluation, participants construct an open narrative format, which can be inviting and inspiring for others, who then join in with their own narratives. This model will be exemplified by analyzing a large amount of tweets (107,000) collected during a political conflict between proponents and adversaries of a local traffic project in Germany. Analysis is based on (1) the textual level, (2) the operative level (hashtags, @- and RT-Symbol, hyperlinks etc.) and (3) the visual level of storytelling (embedded photos, videos). Results show a new way of creating translocal online communities and political deliberation.
Mediatization and Mediality in Social Media: the Discourse System Twitter
The article contributes to the debate about mediatization and the use of language in social media. The theoretical approach evolves from the intersection of linguistics, media and communication studies. While the concept of mediatization describes relations between medial and sociocultural change and the ubiquity of media in everyday life, the concept of mediality sheds light on the inseparability of media and language. From this interdisciplinary perspective, specific practices of media and language use within the microblogging service Twitter were analyzed. Examples from different case studies reveal certain user practices that can be described as formed by ‘moulding forces’ of the medium Twitter without considering technology as determining or symptomatic. Our analysis shows that the use of specific semiotic and functional operators (#, @, RT, http://) establish user practices of creating personal and semantic references and thus constitute Twitter as a multi-referential discourse system.
Das Deutsch der Migranten
(2013)
Migration verändert unsere Gesellschaft nachhaltig. Sprache spielt dabei die zentrale Rolle. Sprachlich-kommunikative Prozesse bestimmen Bildungs- und Karrierechancen der Migranten, die kulturelle Teilhabe an Herkunfts- und Aufnahmekultur und die Herstellung von interpersoneller Solidarität, Ab- und Ausgrenzung. Der Jahrgangsband 2012 widmet sich dem Deutsch der Migranten in seinen linguistischen, soziologischen und pädagogischen Dimensionen. Im Brennpunkt steht, wie Migranten das Deutsche erwerben, verändern und in Relation zu den Herkunftssprachen benutzen:
- Wie gestaltet sich der Erwerb von Deutsch als Zweitsprache unter dem Einfluss unterschiedlicher Erstsprachen?
- Welche ein- und mehrsprachigen Weisen des Sprechens und Schreibens benutzen Migranten? Welche strukturellen Besonderheiten weist ihr Deutsch auf?
- Welche Rolle spielen Sprache und Kommunikation für die Ausbildung, Bewahrung und Transformation von Identitätsentwürfen und biographischen Selbstverständnissen?
- Wie gestalten sich Prozesse der sprachlichen Kommunikation von Migranten und Einheimischen?
- Wie hängen Sprache, Bildungs- und Berufssituation der Migranten zusammen?