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The IMS Open Corpus Workbench (CWB) software currently uses a simple tabular data model with proven limitations. We outline and justify the need for a new data model to underlie the next major version of CWB. This data model, dubbed Ziggurat, defines a series of types of data layer to represent different structures and relations within an annotated corpus; each such layer may contain variables of different types. Ziggurat will allow us to gradually extend and enhance CWB’s existing CQP-syntax for corpus queries, and also make possible more radical departures relative not only to the current version of CWB but also to other contemporary corpus-analysis software.
We investigated the effect of high-variability training (HVT) on the production and perception of French bilabial voiced and voiceless stops by German native speakers. Stop consonants in the two languages differ with respect to several articulatory and acoustic features. German learners of French (Experiment Group) trained the perception of word-initial bilabial stops spoken by six French native speakers using identification tests, whereas subjects of a Control Group did not perform a training. Additional perception and production tests of French words including bilabial, alveolar, and velar stops in all word positions were performed to capture the impact of HVT. Subjects were found to be quite good at distinguishing voiced and voiceless stops. However, voiceless stops received lower correctness scores than voiced ones and subjects of the Experiment group were able to further increase their scores after training. Results for production are mirror-inverted showing that subjects of the Experiment Group successfully produced longer negative VOT values but did not show an improvement for voiceless stops.
Scales and Scores. An evaluation of methods to determine the intensity of subjective expressions
(2015)
In this contribution, we present a survey of several methods that have been applied to the ordering of various types of subjective expressions (e.g. good < great), in particular adjectives and adverbs. Some of these methods use linguistic regularities that can be observed in large text corpora while others rely on external grounding in metadata, in particular the star ratings associated with product reviews. We discuss why these methods do not work uniformly across all types of expressions. We also present the first application of some of these methods to the intensity ordering of nouns (e.g. moron < dummy).
In a project called "A Library of a Billion Words" we needed an implementation of the CTS protocol that is capable of handling a text collection containing at least 1 billion words. Because the existing solutions did not work for this scale or were still in development I started an implementation of the CTS protocol using methods that MySQL provides. Last year we published a paper that introduced a prototype with the core functionalities without being compliant with the specifications of CTS (Tiepmar et al., 2013). The purpose of this paper is to describe and evaluate the MySQL based implementation now that it is fulfilling the specifications version 5.0 rc.1 and mark it as finished and ready to use. Further information, online instances of CTS for all described datasets and binaries can be accessed via the projects website.
The Czech National Corpus (CNC) is a longterm project striving for extensive and continuous mapping of the Czech language. This effort results mostly in compilation, maintenance and providing free public access to a range of various corpora with the aim to offer a diverse, representative, and high-quality data for empirical research mainly in linguistics. Since 2012, the CNC is officially recognized as a research infrastructure funded by the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports which has caused a recent shift towards user service-oriented operation of the project. All project-related resources are now integrated into the CNC research portal at http://www.korpus.cz/. Currently, the CNC has an established and growing user community of more than 4,500 active users in the Czech Republic and abroad who put almost 1,900 queries per day using one of the user interfaces. The paper discusses the main CNC objectives for each particular domain, aiming at an overview of the current situation supplemented by an outline of future plans.
Reading corpora are text collections that are enriched with processing data. From a corpus linguist’s perspective, they can be seen as an extension of classical linguistic corpora with human language processing behavior. From a psycholinguist’s perspective, reading corpora allow to test psycholinguistic hypotheses on subsets of language and language processing as it is ‘in the wild’ – in contrast to strictly controlled language material in isolated sentences, as used in most psycholinguistic experiments. In this paper, we will investigate a relevance-based account of language processing which states that linguistic structures, that are embedded deeper syntactically, are read faster because readers allocate less attention to these structures.
Prosodic constructions used to compete for the speaking turn in conversation have been widely studied (French & Local (1983), Kurtić et al. (2013)). Usually, turn competition arises in overlapping talk between at least two speakers. Coordination between participants in their prosodic design of talk (Szczepek-Reed, 2006) and social action (Gorisch et al. 2012), as well as entrainment in more general terms (Levitan et al. 2011), is well established in the literature. Nevertheless, previous studies on turn competition and overlap do not investigate the prosodic design of turn competitive incomings in reference to the orientation of the speakers to each other. Rather, they assume that prosodic constructions are used for turn competition regardless of the co-participants’ design of the turn. In this paper, we ask whether the prosodic design of turn competitive talk is co-constructed between two participants talking in overlap. More specifically, we investigate whether the prosodic design of one participant’s in overlap talk is developed with respect to the interlocutor’s prosodic features during the same portion of overlapped talk, and whether this prosodic matching can discriminate between the overlaps that are competitive and those that are not. 183 Our analyses are based on two-speaker overlaps drawn from a corpus of multi-party face-to face conversation between four friends recorded in British English (Kurtic et al. 2012). 3407 instances of twospeaker overlaps have been extracted from 4 hours of talk. Two independent conversation analysts performed the interactional categorisation of overlaps into competitive and non-competitive for all these two-speaker overlap instances and achieved a good agreement of alpha=0.807 (Krippendorff 2004) as measured on a subset of 808 overlaps selected for our initial analysis. For the analysis of prosodic features we focus on F0 related features: mean, slope, span and contour, all of which have previously been shown to be used by each overlapping speaker separately for turn competition (Kurtic et al. 2009; Oertel et al. 2012). We investigate the similarity in F0 mean, slope and span by correlating these features across the two participants. For F0 contour, a similarity coefficient is computed using dynamic programming method described in Gorisch et al. (2012). We consider the difference in F0 contour similarity in competitive and non-competitive overlaps as an indication of intonational matching being a turn competitive resource. We conduct these analyses for overlaps that are clearly competitive or noncompetitive as indicated by inter-annotator agreement. In addition, we qualitatively explore those cases that annotators disagree on in order to investigate whether they reveal further important interactional or prosodic features of in-overlap talk. Our preliminary results suggest that conversational participants attend and adapt to the interlocutor during overlap depending on whether they return competition or not. We explain our findings in relation to previous work on turn competition in overlap, discuss the quantitative method employed and also address the possible consequences of our results for the study of prosodic realization of other social actions in conversation.
In this paper, I present the COW14 tool chain, which comprises a web corpus creation tool called texrex, wrappers for existing linguistic annotation tools as well as an online query software called Colibri2. By detailed descriptions of the implementation and systematic evaluations of the performance of the software on different types of systems, I show that the COW14 architecture is capable of handling the creation of corpora of up to at least 100 billion tokens. I also introduce our running demo system which currently serves corpora of up to roughly 20 billion tokens in Dutch, English, French, German, Spanish, and Swedish
Contents:
1. Michal Křen: Recent Developments in the Czech National Corpus, S. 1
2. Dan Tufiş, Verginica Barbu Mititelu, Elena Irimia, Stefan Dumitrescu, Tiberiu Boros, Horia Nicolai Teodorescu: CoRoLa Starts Blooming – An update on the Reference Corpus of Contemporary Romanian Language, S. 5
3. Sebastian Buschjäger, Lukas Pfahler, Katharina Morik: Discovering Subtle Word Relations in Large German Corpora, S. 11
4. Johannes Graën, Simon Clematide: Challenges in the Alignment, Management and Exploitation of Large and Richly Annotated Multi-Parallel Corpora, S. 15
5. Stefan Evert, Andrew Hardie: Ziggurat: A new data model and indexing format for large annotated text corpora, S. 21
6. Roland Schäfer: Processing and querying large web corpora with the COW14 architecture, S. 28
7. Jochen Tiepmar: Release of the MySQL-based implementation of the CTS protocol, S. 35