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Die wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit der Kempelen'schen Sprechmaschine erfolgt zumeist aus wissenschaftshistorischen Motiven heraus. Der vorliegende Aufsatz widmet sich der Frage, welche Bedeutung der Sprechmaschine heutzutage zukommt. Neben möglichen Erklärungen, weswegen die Sprechmaschine auf Wissenschaftler wie Nicht-Wissenschaftler faszinierend wirkt, beschreiben wir den Einsatz von Nachbauten als Instrument zur Demonstration und auch zur Erforschung der Erzeugung von Sprachschall.
O presente trabalho discute a classificação dos substantivos e/ou sintagmas nominais em contáveis e não-contáveis no alemão e no português do Brasil. Propomos um modelo de estrutura, válido para ambas as línguas, em que a contabilidade é construída composicionalmente em nível do sintagma nominal, mediante três traços sintático-semânticos: [±individuado], [±incrementado] e [±delimitado]. O valor do primeiro traço é fixado pelo quantificador, o do segundo, pelo número e o do terceiro, pelo substantivo. Na língua alemã, os três traços contribuem para a constituição da contabilidade, sendo o terceiro o traço menos importante. No português brasileiro apenas os dois primeiros mostram-se produtivos, enquanto o terceiro é irrelevante. Isso corresponde a dizer que não se distinguem substantivos contáveis e não-contáveis no léxico do português brasileiro. Para ambos os idiomas, as propostas são ilustradas com exemplos autênticos de uso.
Grammis is a web-based information system on German grammar, hosted by the Institute for the German Language (IDS). It is human-oriented and features different theoretical perspectives on grammar. Currently, the terminology component of grammis is being redesigned for this theoretical diversity to play a more prominent role in the data model. This also opens opportunities for implementing some machine-oriented features. In this paper, we present the re-design of both data model and knowledge base. We explore how the addition of machine-oriented features to the data model impacts the knowledge base; in particular, how this addition shifts some of the textual complexity into the data model. We show that our resource can easily be ported to a SKOS-XL representation, which makes it available for data science, knowledge-based NLP applications, and LOD in the context of digital humanities.
Es werden deutschsprachige Elemente in zwei russischsprachigen Zeitungen analysiert, die in Deutschland erscheinen und sich an russischsprachige Zuwanderer richten. Es handelt sich um die Wochenzeitung „Russkaja Germanija“ (‚Russisches Deutschland’), die für die unterschiedlichen russischsprachigen Leser in Deutschland gedacht ist, sowie um die monatlich erscheinende, für russlanddeutsche Aussiedler verfasste Zeitung „Zemljaki“ (‚Landsleute’). Untersucht werden lexikalische Entlehnungen und Übernahmen, unterschiedliche Verfahren ihrer Integration in den russischsprachigen Kontext und die charakteristische deutsch-russische Gestaltung des Impressums der beiden Zeitungen.
In this contribution, we discuss and compare alternative options of modelling the entities and relations of wordnet-like resources in the Web Ontology Language OWL. Based on different modelling options, we developed three models of representing wordnets in OWL, i.e. the instance model, the dass model, and the metaclass model. These OWL models mainly differ with respect to the ontological Status of lexical units (word senses) and the synsets. While in the instance model lexical units and synsets are represented as individuals, in the dass model they are represented as classes; both model types can be encoded in the dialect OWL DL. As a third alternative, we developed a metaclass model in OWL FULL, in which lexical units and synsets are defined as metaclasses, the individuals of which are classes themselves. We apply the three OWL models to each of three wordnet-style resources: (1) a subset of the German wordnet GermaNet, (2) the wordnet-style domain ontology TermNet, and (3) GermaTermNet, in which TermNet technical terms and GermaNet synsets are connected by means of a set of “plug-in” relations. We report on the results of several experiments in which we evaluated the performance of querying and processing these different models: (1) A comparison of all three OWL models (dass, instance, and metaclass model) of TermNet in the context of automatic text-to-hypertext conversion, (2) an investigation of the potential of the GermaTermNet resource by the example of a wordnet-based semantic relatedness calculation.
The concept of text coherence was developed for linear text, i.e. text of sequentially organized content. The present article addresses to what extent this concept can be applied to hypertext. Following the introduction (section 1), I will define different aspects of text coherence (section 2). I will then explain the importance of the sequential order of text constituents for coherence-building, as explored by empirical studies on text comprehension (section 3). Section 4 discusses how hypertext-specific forms of reading affect the processes of coherence-building and coherence-design. Section 5 explores how the new challenges of hypertext comprehension may be met by hypertext-specific coherence cues. A summary and outlook is included (section 6).
Este artigo desenvolve sete teses acerca do conceito de coerência e de outros conceitos básicos da análise do discurso e da lingüística textual. Na primeira parte, inicia-se com algumas observações históricas acerca das noções de texto, discurso e comunicação. Na segunda parte, discute as relações entre coerência e coesão, intertextualidade e polifonia, bem como entre coerência e intertextualidade; define coesão como um tipo especial de coerência e polifonia como um tipo especial de intertextualidade e argumenta que as noções clássicas de coerência e intertextualidade representam perspectivas opostas dentro da lingüística textual. Na Terceira parte, busca uma redefinição de coerência que possa explicar esse conceito simultaneamente para o discurso, a cognição e o texto. Descarta as definições de coerência como resultado da constituição de sentido e como estado-alvo estável de um sistema e propõe sua definição como relativa uniformidade local de um sistema, segundo parâmetros considerados relevantes pelo observador. No último item, postula que coerência e incoerência são igualmente necessários dentro de qualquer sistema natural para garantir sua evolução histórica.
Frimer et al. (2015) claim that there is a linear relationship between the level of prosocial language and the level of public disapproval of US Congress. A re-analysis demonstrates that this relationship is the result of a misspecified model that does not account for first-order autocorrelated disturbances. A Stata script to reproduce all presented results is available as an appendix.
In this paper, a method for measuring synchronic corpus (dis-)similarity put forward by Kilgarriff (2001) is adapted and extended to identify trends and correlated changes in diachronic text data, using the Corpus of Historical American English (Davies 2010a) and the Google Ngram Corpora (Michel et al. 2010a). This paper shows that this fully data-driven method, which extracts word types that have undergone the most pronounced change in frequency in a given period of time, is computationally very cheap and that it allows interpretations of diachronic trends that are both intuitively plausible and motivated from the perspective of information theory. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the method is able to identify correlated linguistic changes and diachronic shifts that can be linked to historical events. Finally, it can help to improve diachronic POS tagging and complement existing NLP approaches. This indicates that the approach can facilitate an improved understanding of diachronic processes in language change.