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In this paper, we will present a first attempt to classify commonly confused words in German by consulting their communicative functions in corpora. Although the use of so-called paronyms causes frequent uncertainties due to similarities in spelling, sound and semantics, up until now the phenomenon has attracted little attention either from the perspective of corpus linguistics or from cognitive linguistics. Existing investigations rely on structuralist models, which do not account for empirical evidence. Still, they have developed an elaborate model based on formal criteria, primarily on word formation (cf. Lăzărescu 1999). Looking from a corpus perspective, such classifications are incompatible with language in use and cognitive elements of misuse.
This article sketches first lexicological insights into a classification model as derived from semantic analyses of written communication. Firstly, a brief description of the project will be provided. Secondly, corpus-assisted paronym detection will be focused. Thirdly, in the main section the paper concerns the description of the datasets for paronym classification and the classification procedures. As a work in progress, new insights will continually be extended once spoken and CMC data are added to the investigations.
Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, about 2000 new lexical units have entered the German lexicon. These concern a multitude of coinings and word formations (Kuschelkontakt, rumaerosolen, pandemüde) as well as lexical borrowings mainly from English (Lockdown, Hotspot, Superspreader). In a special way, these neologisms function as keywords and lexical indicators sketching the development of the multifaceted corona discourse in Germany. They can be detected systematically by corpus-linguistic investigations of reports and debates in contemporary public communication. Keyword analyses not only exhibit new vocabulary, they also reveal discursive foci, patterns of argumentation and topicalisations within the diverse narratives of the discourse. With the help of quickly established and dominant neologisms, this paper will outline typical contexts and thematic references, but it will also identify speakers' attitudes and evaluations.
This paper discusses changes of lexicographic traditions with respect to approaches to meaning descriptions towards more cognitive perspectives. I will uncover how cognitive aspects can be incorporated into meaning descriptions based on corpus-driven analysis. The new German Online dictionary “Paronyme − Dynamisch im Kontrast” (Storjohann 2014; 2016) is concerned with easily confused words such as effektiv/effizient, sensibel/sensitiv. It is currently in the process of being developed and it aims at adopting a more conceptual and encyclopaedic approach to meaning by incorporating cognitive features. As a corpus-guided reference work it strives to adequately reflect ideas such as conceptual structure, categorisation and knowledge. Contrastive entries emphasise aspects of usage, comparing conceptual categories and indicate the (metonymic) mapping of knowledge. Adaptable access to lexicographic details and variable search options offer different foci and perspectives on linguistic information, and authentic examples reflect prototypical structures. Some of the cognitive features are demonstrated with the help of examples. Firstly, I will outline how patterns of usage imply conceptual categories as central ideas instead of sufficiently logical criteria of semantic distinction. In this way, linguistic findings correlate better with how users conceptualise language. Secondly, it is pointed out how collocates are treated as family members and fillers in contexts. Thirdly, I will demonstrate how contextual structure and functions are included summarising referential information. Details are drawn from corpus data, they are usage-based linguistic patterns illustrating conversational interaction and semantic negotiations in contemporary public discourse. Finally, I will outline consultation routines which activate different facets of structural knowledge, e.g. through changes of the ordering of information or through the visualisation of semantic networks.
This paper discusses how cognitive aspects can be incorporated into lexicographic meaning descriptions based on corpus-driven analysis. The new German Online dictionary “Paronyme − Dynamisch im Kontrast” is concerned with easily confused words such as effektiv/effizient, sensibel/sensitiv. It is currently in the process of being developed and it aims at adopting a more conceptual and encyclopedic approach to meaning. Contrastive entries emphasize usage, comparing conceptual categories and indicating the mapping of knowledge. Adaptable access to lexicographic details offers different perspectives on information, and authentic examples reflect prototypical structures.
Some of the cognitive features are demonstrated with the help of examples. Firstly, I will outline how patterns of usage imply conceptual categories as central ideas instead of sufficiently logical criteria of semantic distinction. In this way, linguistic findings correlate better with how users conceptualize language. Secondly, it is pointed out how collocates are family members and fillers in contexts. Thirdly, I will demonstrate how contextual structure and function are included by summarizing referential information. Details are drawn from corpus data; they are usage-based patterns illustrating conversational interaction and semantic negotiation in contemporary public discourse. Finally, I will show flexible consultation routines where the focus on structural knowledge changes.
This paper discusses changes in lexicographic traditions with respect to contrastive dictionary entries and dynamic, on-demand e-lexicographic descriptions. The new German online dictionary Paronyme - Dyna- misch im Kontrast is concerned with easily confused words (paronyms), such as effektivtefficient and sensibel/ sensitiv. New approaches to the empirical analysis and lexicographic presentation of words such as these are required, and this dictionary is committed to overcoming the discrepancy between traditional practice and insights from language use. As a corpus-guided reference work, it strives to adequately reflect not only authentic use in situations of actual communication, but also cognitive ideas such as conceptual structure, categorization and knowledge. Looking up easily confused lexical items requires contrastive entries where users can instantly compare meaning, contexts and reference. Adaptable access to lexicographic details and variable search options offer different foci and perspectives on linguistic information, and authentic examples reflect prototypical structures. These are essential in order to meet all the different interests of users. This paper will illustrate the contrastive structure of the new e-dictionary and demonstrate which information can be compared. It also focusses on various dynamic modes of dictionary consultation, which enable users to shift perspectives on paronyms accordingly.
Mit diesem Papier sollen LexikografInnen an ein Automatisierungstool der Textanalyse innerhalb der Korpuslinguistik herangeführt werden. Das am IDS entwickelte statistische Recherche- und Analysewerkzeug Cosmas bietet neue Zugänge zur Gewinnung semantischer Informationen über Wörter. Die Nutzungsmöglichkeiten dieses Instrumentariums für die Lesartendisambiguierung von Lexemen und deren Verifizierung mittels Kollokations- und Kontextanalyse werden erläutert, und anhand des Beispiels cool wird gezeigt, inwieweit sich semantische Informationen durch automatische Statistik extrahieren lassen. Dabei wird auf die Vor- und Nachteile der computerbasierten Analyse eingegangen. Darüber hinaus wird dargestellt, wie empirische lexikografische Disambiguierung modellgeleitet validiert werden kann. Um die Unterschiede zwischen herkömmlichen Beschreibungsmöglichkeiten und neuen statistischen Verfahren zu verdeutlichen, werden die Lesarten zu cool, wie sie im Duden GWDS (2000) dargestellt sind, mit den identifizierten Lesarten der Analyse mit Cosmas verglichen.
This paper focuses on easily confused items (so-called paronyms) in German in terms of their general, technical or academic contextual uses. It outlines the semantic discrepancies between contextual usages of pairs such as Methode/Methodologie/Methodik and unehelich/nichtehelich/außerehelich depending on their linguistic registers and varieties. While previous studies lack empirical evidence and primarily operate with morphological criteria (cf. Lăzărescu 1999) the descriptions here derive from corpus-based examinations of general written and of technical discourse. It is shown that causes of lexical confusion arise from formal, phonetic resemblances or semantic similarities, regular co-occurrence, incorrect morphological analogies and political governance of language. Context, knowledge, associations and experience determine the choice of lexical terms. Speakers need to apply linguistic and extra-linguistic principles in order to create adequate contexts. With the help of paronym examples and corpus data, these will be elucidated in more detail.
Der Beitrag führt in das Sonderheft „Paronymie im deutschen Sprachgebrauch“ ein und bündelt gewonnene Einblicke in die lexikologische, korpusanalytische sowie lexikografische Arbeit des Projektes „Paronymwörterbuch“. Er stellt wichtige Erkenntnisse zu Paronymen, ihrem Vorkommen, ihrer Ermittlung und Darstellung, aber auch zu den Methoden der Bedeutungsanalyse, ihren diskursiven Funktionen und dem Umgang mit Verwechslungspotenzial zusammenfassend dar. Vorgestellt werden Forschungsergebnisse, die sich vor allem auf die Verwendung von Paronymen in der öffentlichen Gebrauchssprache beziehen. Aber auch explorative Korpusverfahren werden erläutert sowie innovative, dynamische e-lexikografische Darstellungen präsentiert. Ausgewählte Probleme, die sowohl im Kontext der theoretischen Auseinandersetzung als auch mit der redaktionellen Erfassung von Paronymen auftreten, werden hier diskutiert. Das Sonderheft verbindet dabei theoretische und praktische lexikografische Herangehensweisen an ein bisher linguistisch wenig dokumentiertes Phänomen, das Muttersprachler/innen und Fremdsprachenlernende gleichermaßen verunsichert. Neben den Rückblicken werden ebenso die Ausblicke auf die kommenden Jahre und die damit verbundenen Fragestellungen des Projektes skizziert.
This article provides an introduction to elexiko, the first German hypertext dictionary to be compiled on a corpus basis, which is currently being developed at the Institut für Deutsche Sprache Mannheim (IDS). First, a brief account of the design is given, followed by a demonstration of the methods and tools that are being employed to compile it. elexiko will provide not only an improved quantity of lexical information, but also a new quality of information which will be explained and illustrated at different levels of the microstructure of the dictionary. The description of word meaning and use in elexiko will be presented in detail, with a particular focus on the treatment of collocations, ambiguity, vagueness, and the presentation of senses. The development of a theoretically grounded procedure for lexicographic disambiguation is also described. This is then followed by a brief account of the treatment of grammatical details. Finally, issues of usability, the progress of the project and its future perspectives will be considered.
Dieser Beitrag zeigt, wie allgemeinsprachige Wörterbücher mit Angaben zur Sinn- und Sachverwandtschaft umgehen sollten, damit sie als geeignetes Hilfsmittel bei der Wortschatzarbeit sowohl im muttersprachlichen als auch im fremdsprachlichen Unterricht eingesetzt werden können. Anhand einiger Beispiele aus dem elexiko-Wörterbuch sollen Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt werden, wie kombinierte lexikalisch-semantische Informationen einen Beitrag zur gezielten Wortschatzerweiterung leisten könnten. Für eine effektive Verankerung sprachlichen und außersprachlichen Wissens sollten Erkenntnisse über das Mentale Lexikon in die Darstellung und Beschreibung von Sprache im Wörterbuch eingebunden werden. Konkrete Vorschläge illustrieren, wie Nachschlagewerke möglicherweise gestaltet werden sollten, um besser als Lehrwerke und Quellen für die Wortschatzarbeit geeignet zu sein. Dafür ist es erforderlich, dass die Dokumentation sprachlicher Zusammenhänge auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen, die angemessene Visualisierung kontextueller Phänomene und explizite Erläuterungen eine entscheidende Rolle spielen