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Co-development of action, conceptualization and social interaction mutually scaffold and support each other within a virtuous feedback cycle in the development of human language in children. Within this framework, the purpose of this article is to bring together diverse but complementary accounts of research methods that jointly contribute to our understanding of cognitive development and in particular, language acquisition in robots. Thus, we include research pertaining to developmental robotics, cognitive science, psychology, linguistics and neuroscience, as well as practical computer science and engineering. The different studies are not at this stage all connected into a cohesive whole; rather, they are presented to illuminate the need for multiple different approaches that complement each other in the pursuit of understanding cognitive development in robots. Extensive experiments involving the humanoid robot iCub are reported, while human learning relevant to developmental robotics has also contributed useful results.
Disparate approaches are brought together via common underlying design principles. Without claiming to model human language acquisition directly, we are nonetheless inspired by analogous development in humans and consequently, our investigations include the parallel co-development of action, conceptualization and social interaction. Though these different approaches need to ultimately be integrated into a coherent, unified body of knowledge, progress is currently also being made by pursuing individual methods.
Wiktionary is increasingly gaining influence in a wide variety of linguistic fields such as NLP and lexicography, and has great potential to become a serious competitor for publisher-based and academic dictionaries. However, little is known about the "crowd" that is responsible for the content of Wiktionary. In this article, we want to shed some light on selected questions concerning large-scale cooperative work in online dictionaries. To this end, we use quantitative analyses of the complete edit history files of the English and German Wiktionary language editions. Concerning the distribution of revisions over users, we show that — compared to the overall user base — only very few authors are responsible for the vast majority of revisions in the two Wiktionary editions. In the next step, we compare this distribution to the distribution of revisions over all the articles. The articles are subsequently analysed in terms of rigour and diversity, typical revision patterns through time, and novelty (the time since the last revision). We close with an examination of the relationship between corpus frequencies of headwords in articles, the number of article visits, and the number of revisions made to articles.
Der Begriff der „Gattung“ wird in der Soziologie und der Sprachwissenschaft als Sammelbegriff für verfestigte, (sprachlich) ähnliche Muster mit repetitiver Frequenz zur Lösung verwandter kommunikativer Probleme gefasst (z.B. unterschiedliche moralische Gattungen, vgl. Bergmann/Luckmann (Hg.) 1999). Wenig Aufmerksamkeit wurde bislang den Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden – also den Abgrenzungsmöglichkeiten – von prototypischen zu weniger prototypischen Vertretern einzelner Gattungsfamilien zuteil. Im vorliegenden Beitrag beschreiben wir anhand von authentischen Daten die sogenannten „Gassigespräche“ als spontane Kommunikation des Alltags von Hundebesitzer/innen. Außerhalb der Sprachwissenschaft werden diese primär als Hyponym des Hyperonyms „Small Talk“ subsumiert. Wir versuchen zunächst unter gattungsanalytischen Gesichtspunkten die obligatorischen und fakultativen Einheiten um ein – sofern es denn überhaupt existiert – prototypisches Zentrum von Small-Talk zu gruppieren. Anhand eines paradigmatischen Falls beschreiben wir Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in Bezug auf andere Gattungen, die sich im Spektrum der Alltagsgespräche – oder auch darüber hinaus – ansiedeln. Wir plädieren in der Diskussion dafür, Gattungsfamilien als mehr oder weniger verfestigte Muster mit teils wiederkehrenden Merkmalen zu sehen, die ihre Eigenschaften in Form und Funktion teilen können.
Weihnachten erzählen
(2016)
The article investigates the ways in which organic-medical metaphors were used to set the boundary of discourse between the economy and politics. The successful establishment of organic-medical metaphors for the economy is mainly explained by their connectivity to different political views. Concepts such as ‘Wirtschaftsleben’ or perceptions of the economy as an ‘organism’ laid the foundation for diagnosing sick or healthy conditions. From the end of the 19th to beyond the mid-20th century typical statements illustrate that the use of such metaphors supported the naturalization and stabilization of the boundary-setting discourse, insofar as it seemed natural that the relation between the two spheres should be formulated in terms of health and disease. Within liberal economic discourse in particular, politics was on the one hand targeted as a potential cause for economic disease, while on the other, it was claimed that politics had the task of keeping economic forces healthy.
This paper is about the workflow for construction and dissemination of FOLK (Forschungs - und Lehrkorpus Gesprochenes Deutsch – Research and Teaching Corpus of Spoken German), a large corpus of authentic spoken interaction data, recorded on audio and video. Section 2 describes in detail the tools used in the individual steps of transcription, anonymization, orthographic normalization, lemmatization and POS tagging of the data, as well as some utilities used for corpus management. Section 3 deals with the DGD (Datenbank für Gesprochenes Deutsch - Database of Spoken German) as a tool for distributing completed data sets and making them available for qualitative and quantitative analysis. In section 4, some plans for further development are sketched.